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Deferoxamine (DFO) is FDA approved to treat iron overload, either acute or chronic. The definition of iron overload is serial ferritin levels above 800 to 3000 ng/mL . The FDA has not approved DFO as first-line therapy for hereditary hemochromatosis unless there is a contraindication to phlebotomy. Clinicians can also use DFO is also used as an off-label treatment for aluminum toxicity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.Diclofenac is an FDA approved drug used in the treatment and management of acute and chronic pain associated with inflammatory conditions, especially those involving the musculoskeletal system. These include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Topically, it can treat actinic keratosis. Diclofenac is also FDA approved for ophthalmic administration for the extraction of cataracts, pain in the eye, and photophobia. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and, although it can help to manage the symptoms of pain during inflammatory processes, it cannot reverse or prevent chronic joint damage seen with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Diclofenac was synthesized in 1973 and is the most widely prescribed NSAID worldwide.Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic that has been in use since 1964. Triamterene is used by physicians who treat patients with fluid retention states secondary to conditions such as congestive heart failure, nephrotic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, secondary hyperaldosteronism, or even merely idiopathic edema; all of which are FDA approved indications. When giving triamterene in the combination dosage form with hydrochlorothiazide, other FDA approved indications of use include the management of hypertension or the treatment of edema in patients who develop hypokalemia secondary to hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy. Of note, the use of triamterene can also be indicated for overcoming diuretic resistance in patients on only one full dose of a diuretic; by combining two types of diuretics such as triamterene with a loop diuretic, a diuretic synergism would successfully overcome the resistance and achieve the desired reduction in edema.Thrombin is a serine endopeptidase. The enzyme has been extensively studied and researched throughout the years for biotherapeutic purposes. Bovine thrombin was the first thrombin product approved by the US Federal Drug Administration (FDA) as an ancillary aid for topical hemostasis during surgical procedures in 1943. Adverse immunologic reactions against bovine thrombin fostered the development of human thrombin, approved by the FDA in 2007 and recombinant thrombin, approved by the FDA in 2008. The US FDA has approved these products for hemostasis, and minor bleeding control whenever oozing blood from venules and capillaries are accessible or when standard surgical techniques cannot contain the bleeding. Thrombin products have approval for use in combination with absorbable hemostatic agents, and this includes gelatin sponge, microfibrillar collagen, and oxidized regenerated cellulose. Due to their porous structures, these hemostatic agents provide the required architecture for platelet aggregation and coagulation factors activation. Thrombin products are also utilized for the treatment of pseudoaneurysms (PSA). This method of treatment uses a percutaneous injection under ultrasound guidance. Thrombin, when injected in the PSA, quickly forms a fibrin polymer. This treatment is currently non-approved by the FDA.Quinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that have excellent oral bioavailability and can be used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. Their clinical utility is restricted, particularly in the outpatient setting, due to their potential for severe side effects. Due to these safety concerns, quinolones are not recommended as first-line agents by the FDA if there are other available antibiotic options with a lesser potential for severe adverse events. There are currently four generations of quinolones. While initial quinolones were effective only against Gram-negative bacteria, succeeding generations gained activity against Pseudomonas sp., Gram-positive, and atypical bacterial strains. Many different quinolones have undergone development, and among them, the ones that are currently approved by the FDA for systemic use include moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, delafloxacin, and ofloxacin. A few key differences exist in the spectrum of activity between the quinolones. Ciprofloxacin is ineffective against S. pneumoniae. Moxifloxacin lacks sufficient activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa but is effective in treating anaerobes (along with delafloxacin). Delafloxacin is the only quinolone effective against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).Around 6,000 years ago, laboratory medicine began with the analysis of human urine as uroscopy, which later became termed urinalysis. The word "uroscopy" derives from two Greek words "ouron," which means urine and "skopeoa," which means to 'behold, contemplate, examine, inspect'. Ancient physicians spoke of urine as a window to the body's inner workings and reflected different diseases. For instance, Hindu civilizations recognized a "sweetness" in certain people's urine, which attracted black ants. Hippocrates (460–355 BC) hypothesized that urine was a filtrate of the humors in the body, originating from the blood filtered through the kidneys. selleck chemicals llc In Aphorisms, he described bubbles on the surface of fresh urine as a sign of long-term kidney disease and associated urinary sediment with fever. Galen used the phrase "diarrhea of the urine" to describe excessive urination. Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively on urine called "De Urinis", determinedtently used for several thousand years, and how it continues to be a formidable and cost-effective tool to obtain crucial information for diagnostic purposes.In 1962, there was a need for new antiarrhythmic drugs other than quinidine and procainamide, the main available antiarrhythmic agents available at that time. From more than 500 compounds synthesized for the research program of new antiarrhythmic agents, disopyramide is the selected agent. The chemical structures of disopyramide have a resemblance to the synthetic muscarinic antagonist, lachesine, which explained its anticholinergic property.