Bocklacroix2704

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the major constraint for crop productivity in acid soils. Wild rye species (Secale spp.) exhibited high Al-tolerance being a good source of genes related to this trait. The Alt1 locus located on 6RS chromosome arm is one of the four main loci controlling Al tolerance in rye and is known to harbor major genes but, so far, none has been found. Through the synteny among the short arm of the rye chromosome 6R and the main grass species, we found a candidate MATE gene for the Atl1 locus, posteriorly named ScMATE3, which was isolated and characterized in different Secale species. The sequence comparisons revealed both intraspecific and interspecific variability with high sequence conservation in the Secale genus. SNPs with replacement substitution that changed the structure of the protein and can be involved in the Al tolerance trait were found in ScMATE3 gene. The predicted subcellular localization of ScMATE3 is the vacuolar membrane which together with the phylogenetic relationships performed with other MATE genes of the Poaceae family related to Al detoxification, suggest involvement of ScMATE3 in an internal tolerance mechanism. Moreover, expression studies of this gene in rye corroborate his contribution in some Al resistance mechanism. The ScMATE3 gene is located on 6RS chromosome arm between the same markers that Alt1 locus involved in Al resistance mechanisms in rye being a good candidate gene. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy is widely used as second-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. This prospective study investigated the changes in the annual H. pylori eradication rates of quadruple therapy. METHODS This study included an intention-to-treat (ITT) population of 452 subjects who failed first-line eradication therapy for H. pylori between 2003 and 2018. All subjects received a 14-day course of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy consisting of esomeprazole (40 mg twice daily), metronidazole (500 mg thrice daily), bismuth subcitrate (120 mg four times daily), and tetracycline (500 mg four times daily). Per-protocol (PP) analysis of data was performed in subjects who followed up with strict treatment adherence. Eradication was confirmed based on the results of the 13 C-urea breath test, rapid urease test (CLOtest® ), and histopathologic evaluation. Compliance and adverse effects were also investigated. A minimal inhibitory concentration test was performed on tissue samples obtained from 103 subjects. RESULTS The overall eradication rates following ITT and PP analyses were 78.8% (356/452) and 89.5% (314/351), respectively. The annual eradication success rate did not show significant changes (P = .062 [ITT], P = .857 [PP]) over the 15-year study period. Adverse events were reported in 57.3% of the ITT population. The rates of resistance to metronidazole and tetracycline were 44.7% and 18.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite high antibiotic resistance rates, no significant reduction in annual eradication rates was observed during the study period. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.A quarter of 400 million urban Indian residents are poor. Urban poor women are as undernourished as or worse than rural women but urban averages mask this disparity. We present the spectrum of malnutrition and their determinants for more than 26,000 urban women who gave birth within 5 years from the last two rounds of Demographic Health Survey 2006 and 2016. Among urban mothers in the lowest quartile by wealth index (urban poor), 12.8% (95% CI [11.3%, 14.5%]) were short or with height less then 145 cm; 20.6% (95% CI [19%, 22.3%]) were thin or with body mass index less then 18.5 kg/m2 ; 57.4% (95% CI [55.5%, 59.3%]) had any anaemia (haemoglobin less then 12 g/dL), whereas 32.4% (95% CI [30.5%, 34.3%]) had moderate to severe anaemia; and 21.1% (95% CI [19.3%, 23%]) were obese (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 ). Decadal gains were significant for thinness reduction (17p.p.) but obesity increased by 12 p.p. Belonging to a tribal household increased odds of thinness by 1.5 (95% CI [1.06, 2.18]) times among urban poor mothers compared with other socially vulnerable groups. Secondary education reduced odds of thinness (0.61; 95% CI [0.48, 0.77]) and higher education of short stature (0.41; 95% CI [0.18, 0.940]). Consuming milk/milk products, pulses/beans/eggs/meats, and dark green leafy vegetables daily reduced the odds of short stature (0.52; 95% CI [0.35, 0.78]) and thinness (0.72; 95% CI [0.54, 0.98]). Urban poor mothers should be screened for nutritional risks due to the high prevalence of all forms of malnutrition and counselled or treated as per risk. © 2020 The Authors. ABBV-744 ic50 Maternal & Child Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Significant asynchronous phenomenon exists in super rice because of the different spikes and spikelet positions, which affect the accumulation and properties of starch. However, little is known about the endosperm enrichment and physicochemical properties of starch between superior and inferior grain in super hybrid rice. YY2640 was selected as the study material to investigate the enrichment and physicochemical properties of starch between superior and inferior grains in super rice by using semi-thin section, X-ray diffraction, and other related technologies. Superior grain filling was a continuous process, whereas inferior grain started at 8-10 days after anthesis. The order of starch accumulation starts at the central endosperm near the abdomen, followed by the endosperm of the proximal vascular bundle and finally the aleurone layer of the abdomen. Compared with the inferior grain, the superior grain featured a higher 1000-grain weight, apparent amylose content, total starch content, average starch granule size, relative crystallinity, solubility, and a resonance peak ratio at 1022/995 cm-1 , whereas the swelling power and the ratio of resonance peak at 1045/1022 cm-1 were lower. The final hydrolysis degrees of HCl, AAG and PPA of the superior grain were significantly lower than those of the inferior grain. The findings indicated that the different physicochemical properties of starch were mainly due to the development order of superior and inferior grains and the spatial enrichment of starch. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.