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RESULTS The induced periostin expression in the liver of CDAHFD-fed mice was significantly suppressed by PNASO. The deletion of hepatic periostin by PNASO significantly ameliorated hepatic steatosis while restoring the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) and its target genes. PNASO also inhibited hepatic fibrosis, reflected by the reduction of alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, and other fibrotic markers. In vitro experiments demonstrated that treatment with recombinant periostin increased cellular lipid accumulation in Hc3716 cells accompanied with the downregulation of PPAR-α. CONCLUSIONS Periostin-targeting ASO is a potential therapeutic approach for the efficient treatment of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in NASH. © 2020 Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterised by motor neurone (MN) degeneration and death. ALS can be sporadic (sALS) or familial, with a number of associated gene mutations, including C9orf72 (C9ALS). DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism whereby a methyl group is attached to a cytosine (5mC), resulting in gene expression repression. 5mC can be further oxidised to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). DNA methylation has been studied in other neurodegenerative diseases, but little work has been conducted in ALS. AIMS To assess differences in DNA methylation in individuals with ALS and the relationship between DNA methylation and TDP43 pathology. METHODS Post mortem tissue from controls, sALS cases and C9ALS cases were assessed by immunohistochemistry for 5mC and 5hmC in spinal cord, motor cortex and prefrontal cortex. LMNs were extracted from a subset of cases using laser capture microdissection. DNA from these underwent analysis using the MethylationEPIC array to determine which molecular processes were most affected. RESULTS There were higher levels of 5mC and 5hmC in sALS and C9ALS in the residual lower motor neurones (LMNs) of the spinal cord. Importantly, in LMNs with TDP43 pathology there was less nuclear 5mC and 5hmC compared to the majority of residual LMNs that lacked TDP43 pathology. Enrichment analysis of the array data suggested RNA metabolism was particularly affected. CONCLUSIONS DNA methylation is a contributory factor in ALS LMN pathology. This is not so for glia or neocortical neurones. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The present study shows the results of the microbiological quality and safety of MPV sold in supermarkets and grocery stores located in the city of Piracicaba, SP - Brazil. A total of 100 samples were collected and submitted to enumeration of total coliforms, coliforms at 45 °C and generic Escherichia coli using the standard most probable number (MPN) method, in addition to enumeration of total Enterobacteriaceae by plating on MacConkey agar. Moreover, colonies of Enterobacteriaceae were randomly selected and submitted to identification on a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper™. Samples were also tested for Salmonella spp. see more according to the ISO 65792002 method. The mean count of total coliforms was 2.9±0.5 log MPN/g. For coliforms at 45 °C, 20 samples were positive (mean 1.5±1.0 log MPN/g). Generic E. coli was detected in 16 samples (mean 1.4±0.9 log MPN/g) and only one was positive for Salmonella. The mean count of total Enterobacteriaceae was 6.5±1.2 log CFU/g and the most frequent genera identified by MALDI-TOF were Enterobacter (25.9%), Pantoea (9.6%) and Rahnella (9.0%). Overall, results point to poor microbiological quality of a few samples, indicating hygiene failure during their processing. This can pose health risks to consumers, mainly because these products were labeled as sanitized and marketed as ready-to-eat. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This study is investigating different regimens of post discharge nutrition in a cohort collected from 2004-08. The in-hospital nutrition was established during the first days of life, and supplementation was given according to the national recommendations in 2004, based on international recommendations with early parenteral nutrition and fortification of mother's own milk. The children in this cohort were discharged when gaining weight and able to eat sufficient by breast or bottle. The development in this area is ongoing, and therefore nutritional practices are changing over time and are different in 2019 as compared to 2004. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Observational studies have a significant role in establishing the prevalence and incidence of diseases in populations, as well as determining the benefits and risks associated with health-related interventions. Observational studies principally encompass cohort, case-control, case series and cross-sectional designs. Inadequate reporting of observational studies is likely to have a negative impact on decision making in day-to-day clinical practice; however, no reporting guidelines have been published for observational studies in Endodontics. The aim of this project is to develop reporting guidelines for authors when creating manuscripts describing observational studies in the field of Endodontology in an attempt to improve the quality of publications. The new guidelines for observational studies will be named "Preferred Reporting items for OBservational studies in Endodontics (PROBE)". A steering committee was formed by the project leaders (PD, VN) to develop the guidelines through a five-phase consensus proce the Preferred Reporting Items for study Designs in Endodontics (PRIDE) website www.pride-endodonticguidelines.org. The PROBE steering committee encourages clinicians, researchers, editors and peer reviewers to provide feedback on the PROBE guidelines to inform the steering group when the guidelines are updated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The past nine years have seen major advances in establishing the etiology of unilateral primary aldosteronism, and very possibly that of bilateral hyperaldosteronism, in response to somatic mutations in aldosterone synthase expressing cells. Though there have been important advances in the management of primary aldosteronism, in small but convincing studies, they represent minor changes to current guidelines. What has been totally absent is consideration of the public health issue that primary aldosterone represents, and the public policy issues that would be involved in addressing the disorder. In his introduction to PiPA 6, Martin Reincke calculated that only one in a thousand patients in Germany with primary aldosteronism were treated appropriately, an astounding figure for any disease in the 21st century. Towards remedying this totally unacceptable public health issue, the author proposes a radical simplification and streamlining of screening for primary aldosteronism, and the management of most patients by general practitioners.