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Powdery mildew (PM) is a prevalent disease known to limit cucumber production worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded molecules that regulate host defense responses through posttranscriptional gene regulation. However, which specific miRNAs are involved and how they regulate cucumber PM resistance remain elusive. A PM-resistant single-segment substitution line, SSSL508-28, was developed previously using marker-assisted backcrossing of the PM-susceptible cucumber inbred D8 line. In this study, we applied small RNA and degradome sequencing to identify PM-responsive miRNAs and their target genes in the D8 and SSSL508-28 lines. The deep sequencing resulted in the identification of 156 known and 147 novel miRNAs. Among them, 32 and six differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were detected in D8 and SSSL508-28, respectively. The positive correlation between DEMs measured by small RNA sequencing and stem-loop quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the accuracy of thur results will facilitate the future use of miRNAs in breeding cucumber varieties with enhanced resistance to PM. Copyright © 2020 Xu, Zhong, Tan, Song, Qi, Xu and Chen.Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are essential components of the immune system that stimulate immune cells to provide protection and defense against cancer. Thousands of HLA alleles have been reported in the literature, but only a specific set of HLA alleles are present in an individual. The capability of the immune system to recognize cancer-associated mutations depends on the presence of a particular set of alleles, which elicit an immune response to fight against cancer. Therefore, the occurrence of specific HLA alleles affects the survival outcome of cancer patients. In the current study, prediction models were developed, using 401 cutaneous melanoma patients, to predict the overall survival (OS) of patients using their clinical data and HLA alleles. We observed that the presence of certain favorable superalleles like HLA-B∗55 (HR = 0.15, 95% CI 0.034-0.67), HLA-A∗01 (HR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.8), is responsible for the improved OS. In contrast, the presence of certain unfavorable superalleles such as HLA-B∗50 (HR = 2.76, 95% CI 1.284-5.941), HLA-DRB1∗12 (HR = 3.44, 95% CI 1.64-7.2) is responsible for the poor survival. We developed prediction models using key 14 HLA superalleles, demographic, and clinical characteristics for predicting high-risk cutaneous melanoma patients and achieved HR = 4.52 (95% CI 3.088-6.609, p-value = 8.01E-15). Eventually, we also provide a web-based service to the community for predicting the risk status in cutaneous melanoma patients (https//webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/skcmhrp/). Copyright © 2020 Dhall, Patiyal, Kaur, Bhalla, Arora and Raghava.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbionts not only promote the growth of host plant but also alleviate abiotic stresses. This study aimed to investigate the putative role of AMF in salt stress regulation of upland pigmented rice cv. Leum Pua (LP) comparing with Pokkali salt tolerant (positive check). In general, LP is a variety of glutinous rice that contains anthocyanin pigment in the black pericarp, due to which it possesses high antioxidant activities compared to non-pigmented rice. Pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of inoculated AMF, Glomus etunicatum (GE), Glomus geosporum (GG), and Glomus mosseae (GM) strains, in the LP plantlets subjected to 0 (control) or 150 mM NaCl (salt stress) for 2 weeks in comparison with Pokkali (a salt tolerant rice cultivar), which was maintained as a positive check. Root colonization percentage under NaCl conditions ranged from 23 to 30%. Na+ content in the flag leaf tissues was increased to 18-35 mg g-1 DW after exposure to 150 mM NaCl for 14 days in bo successful alternative approach to reduce salt toxicity, maintain the yield attributes, and regulate anthocyanins enrichment in the pericarp of grains. this website Copyright © 2020 Tisarum, Theerawitaya, Samphumphuang, Polispitak, Thongpoem, Singh and Cha-um.Gamma rays are the most frequently used ionizing radiation in plant mutagenesis; however, few studies are available on the characteristics of mutations at a genome-wide level. Here, we quantitatively and qualitatively characterized the mutations induced by acute/chronic gamma ray irradiation in Arabidopsis. The data were then compared with those previously obtained for carbon ion irradiation. In the acute irradiation of dry seeds at the same effective survival dose, gamma rays and carbon ions differed substantially, with the former inducing a significantly greater number of total mutation events, while the number of gene-affecting mutation events did not differ between the treatments. This may result from the gamma rays predominantly inducing single-base substitutions, while carbon ions frequently induced deletions ≥2 bp. Mutation accumulation lines prepared by chronic gamma irradiation with 100-500 mGy/h in five successive generations showed higher mutation frequencies per dose compared with acute irradiation of dry seeds. Chronic gamma ray irradiation may induce larger genetic changes compared with acute gamma ray irradiation. In addition, the transition/transversion ratio decreased as the dose rate increased, suggesting that plants responded to very low dose rates of gamma rays (∼1 mGy/h), even though the overall mutation frequency did not increase. These data will aid our understanding of the effects of radiation types and be useful in selecting suitable radiation treatments for mutagenesis. Copyright © 2020 Hase, Satoh, Seito and Oono.Painting plant chromosomes through chromosomal in situ suppression (CISS) hybridization has long been considered impracticable. Seeking to build specific and complex probes from a single microdissected chromosome, we employed human chromosomes as models to standardize all the necessary steps for application in plants. Human metaphases were used to define the adequate conditions for microdissection, chromosome DNA amplification and labeling through degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR, and in situ hybridization stringency. Subsequently, these methodologies were applied in the plant species Zea mays (chromosome 1) and Capsicum annuum (chromosome 7 or 8). The high quality of human and plant cytogenetic preparations and the meticulous standardization of each step, especially the most critical ones - microdissection and first round of DNA amplification - were crucial to eliminate the signs of non-specific hybridization and for direct application in plants. By overcoming these challenges, we obtained chromosome-specific probes, which allowed to achieve a clear and uniform painting of the entire target chromosomes with little or no background, evidencing their complexity and specificity.