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The importance of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the prenatal diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) anomalies is rapidly increasing. Fetal MRI represents a third level examination usually performed, as early as 18-20 weeks of gestational age, when a second level (expert) neuro-ultrasonography (US) evaluation raises the suspicion of a CNS anomaly or when a genetic disorder is known. Compared to the US, MRI has the advantage to allow a better visualization and characterization of brain structures so to detect anomalies not visible in the US, thus resulting in relevant implications for parent counselling and pregnancy management. Moreover, the improvement of MRI technologies permits to obtain ultrafast sequences, which minimize the drawback of movement artifacts, and to perform advanced studies. This review aims at providing a practical guide for trainees and fellows who are approaching fetal MRI. In the first part, we provide information about indications, safety and protocols based on the state-of-the-art sequences, with a mention on the innovations related to the use of a 3T scanner. The second part is focused on the normal development of the human fetal brain related to its MR appearance, whose knowledge is essential to detect possible abnormalities. The last section briefly describes the most frequent abnormalities in the fetal brain and spine as depicted by MRI.Sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) deficiency is a newly reported hereditary bile acid metabolic disease. Here we describe the clinical characteristics of 12 cases of pediatric NTCP deficiency, as well as review 60 previously reported cases in the literature in order to provide better guidance for pediatricians. The clinical records, laboratory and imaging data were collected of 12 cases who were treated at the pediatric infectious disease department of the West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, China, from December 2018 to July 2020. ML264 molecular weight PubMed and Wanfang databases were searched and 11 studies including 60 pediatric NTCP deficiency patients from January 2015 to November 2020 were retrieved. In our center, there were 4 girls and 8 boys, with a median age at admission of 9.9 months (range, 2.2 to 70 months). Six patients (50%) had prolonged neonatal jaundice. All of the patients (12/12; 100%) had normal growth and development. The reason for the first visit was prolonged n common symptom of pediatric NTCP deficiency is jaundice. NTCP deficiency can also be detected during routine check-ups. The common biochemical features are hypercholanemia and elevated AST. Screening for c.800C>T mutation in SLC10A1 is useful for primary genetic screening in Chinese infants with persistent hypercholanemia after infectious, structural, and immunological factors are excluded.Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) is an autosomal recessive disease which leads to a combined deficiency of molybdenum cofactor dependent enzymes. There are four different genes in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, MOCS1, MOCS2, MOCS3, GEPH. The patients with MOCS2 homozygous mutation who onset in the neonatal period always have severe seizures, feeding difficulties, progressive neurological deterioration. The incidence of the disease is low, and certain types have never been reported in China. Here, we present a Chinese term infant with MOCS2 who presented seizure, intolerance to feed and hypotonia on the third day after birth. Treatment included intravenous nutrition, antibiotic, and anticonvulsant therapy. The seizure can't be controlled and her encephalopathy progressed. A homozygous mutation in exon 4 in MOSC2 gene was found and the mutation of the patient has not been reported before. In conclusion, the patients with MOCS2 who onset in neonatal period often shows uncontrolled seizure, feeding difficulties, hypotonia and early death. And the MRI of them shows severe encephalomalacia. There is no treatment for the disease by now, but early diagnosis and genetic detection can give the family genetic counseling.Hepatic pulmonary fusion (HPF) is a very rare congenital disease which is characterized by a fibrous connection between the liver and lung tissues. It is commonly associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), pulmonary sequestration, congenital heart disease and other diseases. Surgical operation has been reported to be the only option for the treatment of this disease. The most sophisticated point lies in how to define the dividing line between liver and lung fusion tissues. And the postoperative mortality is high. At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of HPF are not completely clear. In this study, we reported a case of a 4-month-old male infant presented with cough and shortness of breath and intraoperatively found to have HPF associated with atrial septal defect and scimitar syndrome. Staged surgery was performed to avoid the simultaneous involvement of multiple organs such as heart, lung and liver, and shorten the operation and anesthesia time to a certain extent, improving the success rate of the operation. We only separated the fusion tissues and repaired the diaphragmatic hernia in the first operation, and in the second surgery, we conducted intra-cardiac repair of cardiac malformations. The follow-up results showed that the right lung gradually developed and there were no significant abnormalities in liver. This experience can provide a useful reference for future cases.Medulloepithelioma is an extremely rare highly malignant and rapidly growing tumor that occurs in the central nervous system. There are few reports of medulloepithelioma located in the ventricle. Medulloepithelioma is common in young children and adolescence. Herein, we described an unusual case of vomiting in a 4-year-old male patient with medulloepithelioma, presenting with enlarging head circumference. Because of computed tomography (CT) scan of the head showed signs of brain tumors and hydrocephalus, and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence showed increased heterogeneity and honeycomb-like changes on the mass after the administration of a contrast agent, the patient was first diagnosed as choroid plexus papilloma. After undergoing a surgical craniotomy, the patient was diagnosed as medulloepithelioma through pathological examination. We hope that this work will provide more understanding and knowledge of intracranial medulloepithelioma. For medulloepithelioma that occurs in the central nervous system, radiological examination is not sufficient to make a definite diagnosis of the tumor.