Skinnermcintyre5633

While energy expenditures and peak body ice content were predicted to decline in Wood Frogs across most of our study region, we identified an area of heightened energetic risk in the northwestern part of the Great Lakes region where energy requirements were predicted to increase. Because Wood Frogs rely on body stores acquired in fall to fuel winter survival and spring breeding, increased winter energy requirements have the potential to impact local survival and reproduction. Given the geographically variable and intertwined drivers of future under-snow conditions (e.g., declining snow depths, rising air temperatures, shortening winters), spatially explicit assessments of species energetics and risk will be important to understanding the vulnerability of subnivium-adapted species.

Preoperative iron is frequently used for the correction of anaemia in colorectal cancer surgery. However, enteral iron intake may promote tumour growth and progression which could influence cancer recurrence and patient survival. We explore the long-term outcomes of patients receiving either oral or intravenous iron replacement therapy as part of a previous randomized controlled trial.

The IVICA trial randomized anaemic colorectal cancer patients to receive either oral (OI, control) or intravenous (IVI, treatment) iron prior to their elective operation. Follow-up analysis of all patients recruited to this multicentre trial who underwent surgical resection with curative intent was performed. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare groups. A pooled group multivariable analysis comparing patients who achieved resolution of anaemia preoperatively to those who did not was also undertaken.

In all, 110 of the 116 patients previously enrolled were eligible for analysis (OI n=56, IVI n=54). Median overall follow-up duration was 61months (interquartile range 46-67). No significant difference in 5-year overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) 1.22, 95% CI 0.65-2.28, P=0.522) or disease-free survival (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.61-1.92, P=0.79) was observed between OI and IVI. A pooled analysis of treatment groups found that preoperative resolution of anaemia led to improved 5-year overall survival on multivariable analysis (HR 3.38, 95% CI 1.07-11.56, P=0.044).

We recommend IVI for the preoperative correction of anaemia. Route of iron therapy did not significantly influence survival. Preoperative anaemia correction may lead to an overall survival advantage following elective colorectal cancer surgery.

We recommend IVI for the preoperative correction of anaemia. Route of iron therapy did not significantly influence survival. Preoperative anaemia correction may lead to an overall survival advantage following elective colorectal cancer surgery.

To evaluate the 10-year survival rate of root filled teeth treated by general dental practitioners (GDPs), and to identify possible prognostic factors.

In 2006, 3676 individuals had at least one tooth root filled by a GDP within the Norrbotten Public Dental Service, Sweden. SB203580 mw Over the next 10years, 331 individuals died and were excluded. A random sample of 302 of the remaining individuals was included in the study, of whom 280 (n=280 teeth) were included in the analysis. Dental records were reviewed retrospectively by a calibrated researcher to collect predetermined data regarding individual, pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative factors. The outcome measure was tooth extraction over time, and cases with no events were censored, regardless of apical status or symptoms, until last known date of tooth survival. In case of missing data, individuals were recalled for a control visit. Kaplan-Meier survival tables and Cox regression models were used for analysis. P<0.05 was considered statisticallymed by a GDP was approximately 2% per year. No prognostic factors could be identified.Survival analysis has been conventionally performed on a continuous time scale. In practice, the survival time is often recorded or handled on a discrete scale; when this is the case, the discrete-time survival analysis would provide analysis results more relevant to the actual data scale. Besides, data on time-dependent covariates in the survival analysis are usually collected through intermittent follow-ups, resulting in the missing and mismeasured covariate data. In this work, we propose the sufficient discrete hazard (SDH) approach to discrete-time survival analysis with longitudinal covariates that are subject to missingness and mismeasurement. The SDH method employs the conditional score idea available for dealing with mismeasured covariates, and the penalized least squares for estimating the missing covariate value using the regression spline basis. The SDH method is developed for the single event analysis with the logistic discrete hazard model, and for the competing risks analysis with the multinomial logit model. Simulation results revel good finite-sample performances of the proposed estimator and the associated asymptotic theory. The proposed SDH method is applied to the scleroderma lung study data, where the time to medication withdrawal and time to death were recorded discretely in months, for illustration.In most plant communities, the net effect of nitrogen enrichment is an increase in plant productivity. However, nitrogen enrichment also has been shown to decrease species richness and to acidify soils, each of which may diminish the long-term impact of nutrient enrichment on productivity. Here we use a long-term (20 year) grassland plant diversity by nitrogen enrichment experiment in Minnesota, United States (a subexperiment within the BioCON experiment) to quantify the net impacts of nitrogen enrichment on productivity, including its potential indirect effects on productivity via changes in species richness and soil pH over an experimental diversity gradient. Overall, we found that nitrogen enrichment led to an immediate positive increment in productivity, but that this effect became nonsignificant over later years of the experiment, with the difference in productivity between fertilized and unfertilized plots decreasing in proportion to nitrogen addition-dependent declines in soil pH and losses of plant diversity.