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A private vendor made 1 application of naled (Dibrom®) insecticide in the 3 coastal counties, yielding over 90% control in entire counties in 1 night. No complaints or medical or environmental problems from the increased ground spraying and aerial spraying were reported. MEK inhibitor review Overall, important lessons in disaster vector control were learned, including how to work effectively with Centers for Disease Control, FEMA, and the US Public Health Service personnel, how to manage the public relations/educational aspects, and how to avoid or mitigate political interference in the disaster response.Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has a long history of aiding mosquito control efforts necessary for recovery after natural disasters like hurricanes and major floods. As waters associated with these events begin to recede, both nuisance and vector mosquito species surge in abundance and consequently play an increased role in public health. When these situations arise, state and county agencies implement emergency response plans and many rely on Federal Emergency Management Agency or private contractors for assistance in reducing mosquito populations that can alter arbovirus transmission cycles, cause intolerable stress, hamper reconstruction efforts, and disrupt normal community functions. Vector Disease Control International owns the largest fleet of fixed-wing aircraft dedicated specifically to mosquito control and has worked every major storm event since Hurricane Bonnie in 1998. This article describes the logistics and operations required for implementing VDCI's emergency management plan, including the relocation of equipment, adult mosquito surveillance, delivery of pesticides, assessment of efficacy, and filing of low-level waivers and congested-area plans with the Federal Aviation Administration.The Collier Mosquito Control District, located in southwest Florida, is uniquely positioned in a subtropical environment between the Gulf of Mexico and Everglades National Park. The District's mission is focused on the control of disease vector and nuisance mosquitoes in Collier County, which is accomplished through integrated mosquito management. Hurricane Irma made landfall in the county on September 10, 2017, leaving in its wake tremendous property and infrastructure damage, and it also disrupted communications and airport operations. These factors greatly affected the District's operations and its ability to meet its mission. In addition, the lengthy loss of electrical power forced most residents outdoors, increasing their exposure to mosquitoes. From challenges in completing poststorm treatments to outdated policies that caught us off-guard, the event prompted a new hurricane policy and plan to ensure improved preparedness for the next natural disaster. The poststorm environment also provided a rich foundation for research into mosquito populations after tropical disturbances of this scale. Here we report the impact on the District's aerial mosquito control operations, changes to internal policies, and mosquito population abundance following Hurricane Irma.The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) uses a Mosquito Control Incident Response Team (MCIRT) to respond to natural disasters and mosquito borne-disease threats. Since 2001, this team has responded to 9 different events and is responsible for organizing treatment to more than 15 million acres in Florida using wide-area adulticide applications. The MCIRT implements the Incident Command Structure (ICS) to coordinate response efforts because it enables FDACS to quickly deploy staff to the devastated areas, conduct necessary mosquito surveillance, communicate with multiple agencies, and direct mosquito control measures. It also allows for easier transfer of leadership, cross-training of employees, and postevent evaluation.The United States Department of Defense (DoD) employs advanced-degreed entomologists as Preventive Medicine and Public Health Officers in the Army, Navy, and Air Force. While the primary objective of military entomologists is service member health and readiness ("force health protection"), military entomology resources can provide support to civil authorities as directed by the President or Secretary of Defense through Department of Defense Directive 3025.18, Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA). The employment of DSCA is complex and involves the consideration of such factors as the proper request process, funding, legality, risk, appropriateness, and readiness. Once approved and mobilized, however, military preventive medicine assets can be of significant help to civil authorities when dealing with emergency vector control. This paper will address some of the policy issues surrounding the use of DSCA, outline the resources available from the individual military services, and provide examples of DoD contingency vector control support to civil authorities.The hurricane plan developed by the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District and approved by vote of the Board of Commissioners is presented. The plan is intended to facilitate prompt resumption of services after a tropical cyclone (tropical storm or hurricane) and to give direction and instructions to District staff who evacuate before a storm makes landfall. Specific procedures are documented for before and after storms, including communication, preparation of buildings and vehicles, and evacuation. The need for food and water for staff immediately after a storm is specifically mentioned in the plan. The plan is composed of five main sections general preparedness, Lower Keys procedures, Middle Keys procedures, Upper Keys procedures, and aerial operations procedures. Also included is a section covering satellite telephone operation and a list of telephone contacts for local government and law enforcement agencies. An addendum details the District's policy for compensation for public emergency response work so all employees are aware of how they will be paid during the storm recovery period.Hurricanes and other natural disasters leave behind multifaceted and complex environmental challenges that may contribute to adverse health outcomes, such as increased potential for exposure to vector-borne disease. Through an incident management system tailored for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (NCEH/ATSDR) fulfills a leadership role in facilitating the agency's natural disaster emergency response activities through coordination with other CDC programs, liaising with other government agencies and impacted jurisdictions, and responding to requests for technical assistance. On the ground, NCEH/ATSDR deploys environmental health (EH) practitioners who provide consultation and inform mosquito control efforts from a systematic perspective. In the wake of recent hurricanes, NCEH staff mobilized to manage critical elements of the responses and to provide assets for addressing environmental hazards and conditions that contributed to the presence of mosquitoes.