Horowitzmcfarland3120

We suggest that a multi-disciplinary approach of combining process knowledge with remotely sensed data and ecohydrological and wildland fire models is essential for better understanding the role of boreal peatlands and wildland fire in the global climate system.Glyphosate is applied for dissection in no-till and post-emergence management in transgenic crops in agricultural fields near the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes. These biomes together represent 33.8% of the Brazilian territory, contributing to the maintenance of great world diversity in flora and fauna. Despite actions to protect them, the proximity with agricultural areas and intense use of glyphosate puts at risk the preservation of native vegetation due to the contamination via herbicide transport processes. Our objectives were i) to determine the sensitivity of native species from the Cerrado and Caatinga to glyphosate contamination via drift and groundwater; ii) evaluate the level of sensitivity to glyphosate among the different organs of plants. The highest intoxications (upper 80%) were observed for Bauhinia cheilantha, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, Mimosa tenuiflora and Amburana cearensis due to drift simullation. The species with 90% of total dry matter reduction were Bauhinia cheilantha, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, Mimosa tenuiflora, Tabebuia aurea. B. cheilantha and M. tenuiflora are most affected by exposure to glyphosate drift, with 50% of total dry matter reduction when exposed to doses below 444,0 g ha-1. Leaf growth is more sensitive to glyphosate for drift exposure for most species. Hymenaea courbaril is an exception, with greater sensitivity to root growth (50% dry matter reduction at doses below 666,0 g ha-1). B. cheilantha is the species most sensitive to drift exposure; however, it showed complete tolerance to contamination in subsurface waters. Other species such as Anadenanthera macrocarpa and M. caesalpiniifolia are also sensitive to drift, but without reach 90% of total dry matter reduction. A. macrocarpa, M. caesalpiniifolia and T. aurea were tolerant to contamination by subsurface water. The differential tolerance of trees confirms glyphosate's potential as a species selection agent in the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes.Rising industrial interest in the application of nanomaterials for the remediation of contaminated sites has led to concern over the environmental fate of the nanoremediation agents used. A critical requirement in evaluating and understanding nanoparticle (NP) behaviour in porous media is the development of analytical methods capable of in situ monitoring of complex NP transport dynamics. Spectral induced polarization (SIP), a non-invasive geo-electrical technique, offers a promising tool for detecting and quantifying NPs in soil and aquifer media. However, its application for monitoring the spatial migration and attachment behaviour of NPs remains uninvestigated. Here, we present results from flow-through experiments where we monitored the transport of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe-NPs) coated with Pluronic, an amphiphilic polymer, in natural aquifer sand columns. GSK650394 We coupled concentration breakthrough curve analysis with SIP monitoring and reactive transport modeling to relate spatiotemporal NP concentrthe applicability of SIP for spatial and temporal monitoring of NP distributions, with implications for the investigation of NP transport and nanoremediation strategies.Extreme climate events are predicted to increase in the future, which will have significant effects on insect biodiversity. Research into this area has been rapidly expanding, but knowledge gaps still exist. We conducted a review of the literature to provide a synthesis of extreme climate events on insects and identify future areas of research. In our review, we asked the following questions 1) What are the direct and indirect mechanisms that extreme climate events affect individual insects? 2) What are the effects of extreme climate events on insect populations and demography? 3) What are the implications of the extreme climate events effects on insect communities? Drought was among the most frequently described type of extreme climate event affecting insects, as well as the effects of temperature extremes and extreme temperature variation. Our review explores the factors that determine the sensitivity or resilience to climate extremes for individuals, populations, and communities. We also identify areas of future research to better understand the role of extreme climate events on insects including effects on non-trophic interactions, alteration of population dynamics, and mediation of the functional the trait set of communities. Many insect species are under threat from global change and extreme climate events are a contributing factor. Biologists and policy makers should consider the role of extreme events in their work to mitigate the loss of biodiversity and delivery of ecosystem services by insects.Phosphorus (P) is a key nutrient in freshwater systems, often acting as the limiting nutrient. The dominant sources of P in the Jiulong River watershed (S.E. China) are anthropogenic. Dissolved and particulate P species were measured in the West (WJR) and North (NJR) rivers during the wet and dry seasons of 2018 and at their river outlets during a storm (June 2019). Sources of P pollution were characterized from mainly single source subcatchments (dry season). The Agriculture source (WJR) had a total P of 114.7 ± 13.1 μg P L-1, which was mainly dissolved inorganic P (DIP) from excess fertilizer washed from the fields. By contrast, the West Urban source (sewage effluent) was mainly particulate (POP) and dissolved organic P (DOP). The effect of reservoirs in the main NJR was to decrease total particulate P (TPP) and DIP and increase POP, due to increased sedimentation of particles and biological uptake. An increase in all P species was observed at the beginning of the storm, followed by a decrease on the rising hydrograph due to dilution. The final concentration of all P species was higher than baseflow, confirming that storms increase the P flux out of the watershed. P was initially washed off the fields during the storm, and during the falling hydrograph P increased due to interflow and other longer-term sources. The high DINDIP ratio confirmed the key importance of P inputs from human activities in substantially altering P sources and cycling, and hence the importance of science-based management to alleviate the eutrophication problem.