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The area under the ROC curve was 0.794 for diagnosis of any leprosy reaction and 0.796 for the diagnosis of type 2 reaction. The NLR cut-off points for diagnosis of any leprosy reaction and for type 2 reaction were 2.75 (sensitivity 61.0%, specificity 92.0%, accuracy 77.0%) and 2.95 (sensitivity 81.0%, specificity 74.0%, accuracy 78.0%), respectively. Conclusion These results suggest that NLR could be a potential biomarker for diagnosis of leprosy reaction and useful for discriminating patients with type 2 reactions from those with type 1 leprosy reactions. © 2020 The Authors.Elemental impurities in drug samples can generate unwanted pharmacological-toxicological effects, therefore they must be carefully monitored. In order to update the elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products, new regulations for elemental impurities were published by the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). This work presents elemental analysis of 23 analytes in omeprazole drug samples from seven different commercial brands considering reference, similar and generic medicines using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Microwave-assisted digestion using 2.0 mol L-1 HNO3 (partial digestion) was applied successfully for omeprazole drugs. Most analytes were below the respective limits of quantification, except for As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb and V. However, the determined concentrations for these analytes were lower than the limits proposed by the USP Chapter 232 and similar for all products, inferring that for the seven analyzed samples there is no difference among reference, similar and generic drugs considering contaminants contents. Discussions considering potential risks of elemental contamination taking into account diverse brands were presented. © 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Background Challenges must be handled in an integrated manner when addressing food security and climate change. More efficient designs for food production systems, as well as their logistics, are needed in order to increase food production and to reduce emissions intensity. Specifically, any enhancements done on this purpose would contribute to mitigating climate change. Five important dimensions are being considered in smart agriculture food security, availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. Scope and approach Food supply-demand chain can seriously be effected by uncontrolled population growth. Thus, any perspective to solve these uncontrolled conditions can have a positive impact. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/a-196.html selleck chemicals] Especially giving emphasis on reduction of food losses via expoloring various ways of production, or increasing productivity, or ensuring food security are effective ways for solutions. For example, the use of solar drying for agricultural, marine or meat products is very important for preservation, thus minimizing2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Primary liver tissue cancer types are renowned to display a consistent increase in global disease burden and mortality, thus needing more effective diagnostics and treatments. Yet, integrative research efforts to identify cell-of-origin for these cancers by utilizing human specimen data were poorly established. To this end, we analyzed previously published whole-genome sequencing data for 384 tumor and progenitor tissues along with 423 publicly available normal tissue epigenomic features and single cell RNA-seq data from human livers to assess correlation patterns and extended this information to conduct in-silico prediction of the cell-of-origin for primary liver cancer subtypes. Despite mixed histological features, the cell-of-origin for mixed hepatocellular carcinoma/intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma subtype was predominantly predicted to be hepatocytic origin. Individual sample-level predictions also revealed hepatocytes as one of the major predicted cell-of-origin for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, thus implying trans-differentiation process during cancer progression. Additional analyses on the whole genome sequencing data of hepatic progenitor cells suggest these cells may not be a direct cell-of-origin for liver cancers. These results provide novel insights on the nature and potential contributors of cell-of-origins for primary liver cancers. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Getting access to electricity services for domestic consumption is still a luxury service in the rural areas of developing countries. For instance, about 55 percent of the total population do not have access to electricity service in Ethiopia. To alleviate the problem, the government of Ethiopia is intensively investing on hydroelectric dam construction so as to increase the coverage of electricity. However, the grid-line electricity supply in the scattered settlements of rural households of Ethiopia poses a challenge for connection. This study investigated households' preference for renewable source of electricity service connections and estimated potential willingness to pay for the services by considering solar PV electricity in addition to the grid-line. In this survey, 220 rural households were sampled from Hexosa (Harbe) and Boset (Xiyyo) districts in Ethiopia using systematic sampling methods. The result estimated by using bivariate probit model reveals that the median willingness to pay alone is not sufficient to recover the cost of connection of electricity service. However, among the two sources of renewable electricity services, households preferred grid line to solar electricity services irrespective of the payment scheme. Monthly instalment-based payment is more convenient for the rural household than lump sum connection cost payment regarding the payment scheme. Furthermore, the households' income level, level of education, age, location and amount of initial bid prices are important variables in determining the scale of households' willingness to pay for connection of electricity service. Therefore, based on the findings of the study, the following policy suggestions have been forwarded there should be provision of electricity service that is suitable and preferred by the rural households and the community shall get various options of payment modalities. © 2020 The Author.