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Nosemosis C, a Nosema disease caused by microsporidia parasite Nosema ceranae, is a significant disease burden of the European honey bee Apis mellifera which is one of the most economically important insect pollinators. Nevertheless, there is no effective treatment currently available for Nosema disease and the disease mechanisms underlying the pathological effects of N. ceranae infection in honey bees are poorly understood. Iron is an essential nutrient for growth and survival of hosts and pathogens alike. The iron tug-of-war between host and pathogen is a central battlefield at the host-pathogen interface which determines the outcome of an infection, however, has not been explored in honey bees. To fill the gap, we conducted a study to investigate the impact of N. ceranae infection on iron homeostasis in honey bees. The expression of transferrin, an iron binding and transporting protein that is one of the key players of iron homeostasis, in response to N. ceranae infection was analysed. Furthermore, the funThe explosion of disinformation accompanying the COVID-19 pandemic has overloaded fact-checkers and media worldwide, and brought a new major challenge to government responses worldwide. Not only is disinformation creating confusion about medical science amongst citizens, but it is also amplifying distrust in policy makers and governments. To help tackle this, we developed computational methods to categorise COVID-19 disinformation. The COVID-19 disinformation categories could be used for a) focusing fact-checking efforts on the most damaging kinds of COVID-19 disinformation; b) guiding policy makers who are trying to deliver effective public health messages and counter effectively COVID-19 disinformation. This paper presents 1) a corpus containing what is currently the largest available set of manually annotated COVID-19 disinformation categories; 2) a classification-aware neural topic model (CANTM) designed for COVID-19 disinformation category classification and topic discovery; 3) an extensive analysis of COVID-19 disinformation categories with respect to time, volume, false type, media type and origin source.The present study aims to clarify the effects of bilateral contraction on the ability and accuracy of rapid force production at the submaximal force level. Eleven right-handed participants performed rapid gripping as fast and precisely as they could in unilateral (UL) and bilateral (BL) contractions in a standing position. Participants were required to impinge a grip force of 30% and 50% of their maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Ability and accuracy of rapid force production were evaluated using the rate of force development (RFD) and force error, respectively. The data analysis did not observe a significant difference in the RFD between UL and BL contractions in both 30% (420±86 vs. 413±106%MVC/s, p = 0.34) and 50% of MVC (622±84 vs. 619±103%MVC/s, p = 0.77). Although the RFD to peak force ratio (RFD/PF) in BL contraction was lower than in UL in 30% of MVC (12.8±2.8 vs. 13.4±2.7, p = 0.003), it indicated a small effect size (d = 0.22) of the difference between UL and BL in RFD/PF. The absolute force error of BL contraction was higher than of UL contraction in 30% (4.67±2.64 vs. 3.64±1.13%MVC, p = 0.005) and 50% of MVC (5.53±2.94 vs. 3.53±0.71%MVC, p = 0.009). In addition, medium and large effect sizes were observed in absolute force error from 30% (d = 0.51) and 50% of MVC (d = 0.94), respectively. In conclusion, results indicated that the bilateral contraction reduced in the ability and accuracy of rapid force production at the submaximal force level. Nevertheless, the present results suggest that the noticeable effect of bilateral contraction is more prominent on the accuracy than in the ability of rapid force production at the submaximal force level.Ensuring access to essential medicines for leishmaniasis control is challenging, as leishmaniasis is a very small and unattractive market for pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, control programmes are severely underfunded. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ps-1145.html see more] We conducted an analysis of global procurement of leishmaniasis medicines for the past 5 years in order to shed light on the current leishmaniasis market landscape and supply and demand dynamics. We estimated global demand of each leishmaniasis medicines, the amount of each medicine required to treat all reported cases, based on the number of cases reported to WHO and the first-line treatment regimen used in each country. Procurement data were obtained from procurement agencies, international organizations, WHO, national leishmaniasis programmes and manufacturers. Expert interviews were conducted to have a better understanding of how medicines were procured and used. The comparison of estimated need and procurement data indicated discrepancies in supply and demand at global level as well as in the most endemic countries. The extent of the gap in supply was up to 80% of the needs for one of the leishmaniasis medicines. Mismatch between supply and demand was much wider for cutaneous leishmaniasis than visceral leishmaniasis. This study presents a current picture of procurement patterns and imbalance in global supply and demand. Addressing improved access and supply barriers requires concerted and coordinated efforts at the global and national levels. Priority actions include setting up a procurement coordination mechanism among major procurers, partners and national programmes where forecasting and supply planning is jointly developed and communicated with manufacturers. In addition, continuous engagement of manufacturers and advocacy is critical to diversify the supplier base and ensure quality-assured and affordable generic medicines for leishmaniasis.<br /><br /> To investigate the behavioral characteristics of semantic dementia (SD) using an instrument originally developed for patients with autism spectrum disorder.<br /><br /> The behavioral symptoms of 20 patients with SD and 20 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in both the preclinical state and the dementia state were evaluated using the Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autism Society Japan Rating Scale (PARS).<br /><br /> The SD group showed high prevalence in four behaviors related to stereotypy and social impairment eating very few food items, selfishness, difficulty in recognizing others' feeling and thoughts, and interpreting language literally. Scores on the PARS short version, which is sensitive for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, were significantly higher in the dementia state than in the preclinical state in both the SD (11.5 ± 6.0 and 1.7 ± 2.5, respectively; t (19) = 6.7, p &lt; 0.001) and AD (6.9 ± 4.6 and 1.7 ± 2.0, respectively; t (19) = 5.1, p &lt; 0.001) groups. PARS short version scores after dementia onset increased in both the SD and AD groups, although the increase was significantly larger in the SD group (F = 5.