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The ability to integrate information across time at multiple timescales is a vital element of adaptive behavior, because it provides the capacity to link events separated in time, extract useful information from previous events and actions, and to construct plans for behavior over time. Here we make the argument that this information integration capacity is a central function of the midcingulate cortex (MCC), by reviewing the anatomical, intrinsic network, neurophysiological, and behavioral properties of MCC. The MCC is the region of the medial wall situated dorsal to the corpus callosum and sometimes referred to as dACC. It is positioned within the densely connected core network of the primate brain, with a rich diversity of cognitive, somatomotor and autonomic connections. Furthermore, the MCC shows strong local network inhibition which appears to control the metastability of the region-an established feature of many cortical networks in which the neural dynamics move through a series of quasi-stationary states. We propose that the strong local inhibition in MCC leads to particularly long dynamic state durations, and so less frequent transitions. Apparently as a result of these anatomical features and synaptic and ionic determinants, the MCC cells display the longest neuronal timescales among a range of recorded cortical areas. Gusacitinib We conclude that the anatomical position, intrinsic properties, and local network interactions of MCC make it a uniquely positioned cortical area to perform the integration of diverse information over time that is necessary for behavioral adaptation.The rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is typically considered to be involved in cognitive aspects of action control, e.g., decision making, rule learning and application, working memory and generally guiding adaptive behavior (Euston, Gruber, & McNaughton, 2012). These cognitive aspects often occur on relatively slow time scales, i.e., in the order of several trials within a block structure (Murakami, Shteingart, Loewenstein, & Mainen, 2017). In this way, the mPFC is able to set up a representational memory (Goldman-Rakic, 1987). On the other hand, the mPFC can also impact action control more directly (i.e., more on the motoric and less cognitive side). This impact on motor control manifests on faster time scales, i.e., on a single trial level (Hardung et al., 2017). While the more cognitive aspects have been reviewed previously as well as in other subchapters of this book, we explicitly focus on the latter aspect in this chapter, particularly on movement inhibition. We discuss models of prefrontal motor interactions, the impact of the behavioral paradigm, evidences for mPFC involvement in action control, and the anatomical connections between mPFC and motor cortex.The mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) encompasses a collection of agranual brain regions in the rostral neocortex and is considered to be critically involved in the neuronal computations underlying intentional behaviors. Flexible behavioral responses demand coordinated integration of sensory inputs with state, goal and memory information in brain-wide neuronal networks. Neuronal oscillations are proposed to provide a temporal scaffold for coordination of neuronal network activity and routing of information. In the present book chapter, we review findings on the role neuronal oscillations in prefrontal functioning, with a specific focus on research in mice. We discuss discoveries pertaining to local prefrontal processing, as well to interactions with other brain regions. We also discuss how the recent discovery of brain-wide respiration-entrained rhythms (RR) warrant re-evaluation of certain findings on slow oscillations ( less then 10Hz) in prefrontal functioning.The function of dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) remains poorly understood. While many methods, spanning bottom-up and top-down approaches, have been deployed, the view they offer is often conflicting. Integrating bottom-up and top-down approaches requires an intermediary with sufficient explanatory power, theoretical development, and empirical support. Oscillations in the local field potential (LFP) provide such a link. LFP oscillations arise from empirically well-characterized neuronal circuit motifs. Synchronizing the firing of individual units has appealing properties to bind disparate brain regions and propagate information, including gating, routing, and coding. Moreover, the LFP, rather than single unit activity, more closely relates to macro-scale recordings, such as the electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Thus, LFP oscillations are a critical link that allow for the inference of neuronal micro-circuitry underlying macroscopic brain recordings.The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in adaptive control of behavior and optimizing action selection. When an organism is experiencing an aversive event, such as a sustained state of anxiety or an overt experience of fear or stress, the mechanisms that govern PFC regulation of action selection may be critical for survival. A large body of literature has shown that acute aversive states influence the activity of PFC neurons and the release of neurotransmitters in this region. These states also result in long-term neurobiological changes in the PFC and expression of PFC-dependent motivated behaviors. The mechanism for how these changes lead to modifying action selection is only recently beginning to emerge. Here, we review animal and human studies into the neural mechanisms which may mediate the adaptive changes in the PFC that emerge during negative affective states. We then highlight recent advances in approaches for understanding how anxiety influences action selection and related cortical processes. We conclude by proposing that PFC neurons selectively influence action encoding during conditions where actions toward obtaining a reward or avoiding harm are executed under a fog of fear and anxiety.Research examining the functional underpinnings of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and its relationship to cognitive control have been described as "perennially controversial" and a "Rorschach Test" for modern neuroscience. Although there is near universal agreement that ACC is important for the adaptation of behavior, debate, despite decades of work, stems from the exact manner in which ACC goes about doing this. This chapter provides a brief overview of the various past and present theoretical arguments and research surrounding ACC function, and highlights an emerging literature of single unit ACC recordings from several species that support these theories. We will finish the chapter by focusing on our work examining the firing of single neurons in rat dorsal medial striatum (DMS) and ACC, and examining DMS's dependency on ACC to accurately signal adaptive behavioral output. Ultimately, we will conclude that ACC carries a myriad of signals (error detection, reinforcement/feedback, value, response conflict, etc.