Kruseadair3508

Complementarily, recent progress made in catalytic acetal/ketal-to-ether or ester-to-ether reductions and other related transformations have been also summarized.

Animal and human brucelloses have been reported in Rwanda, human brucellosis being linked to drinking inadequately heat-treated milk. However, information on Brucella detection and prevalence in milk produced in Rwanda is limited.

To determine the sero-prevalence and risk factors of Brucella in farm bulk milk from zero and open grazing cattle production systems in Rwanda.

A total of 330 farm bulk milk samples were collected from 198 zero grazing farms and 132 open grazing farms in a cross-sectional study in Rwanda. Sero-prevalence of Brucella in milk was analysed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A questionnaire was administered to farmers to determine the risk factors of milk contamination with Brucella.

Anti-Brucella antibodies were prevalent in 19.7% (95% confidence interval (CI), 15.5-24.4) of the 330 collected farm bulk milk. Sero-prevalence was significantly higher (p<0.05) in open grazing farms (37.9% [50/132]) than in zero grazing farms (7.6% [15/198]). Practising open grazing system (odds ratio, OR=69.5; 95% CI=1.6-3033.6), history of abortion (OR=19.5; 95% CI=8.1-46.8) and placenta retention (OR=4.2; 95% CI=1.7-10.3) were the significant risk factors for the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies in milk.

Notably, more than a third of farm bulk milk from open grazing farms in Rwanda contains Brucella antibodies. Considering the zoonotic nature of Brucella, there is a need to reinforce brucellosis control programs in the country.

Notably, more than a third of farm bulk milk from open grazing farms in Rwanda contains Brucella antibodies. Considering the zoonotic nature of Brucella, there is a need to reinforce brucellosis control programs in the country.Drug-related problems are important causes of patient harm and increased healthcare costs. To assist general practitioners in prioritizing patients in need of a critical medication review, we aimed to assess the ability of the Medication Risk Score (MERIS) to stratify patients with polypharmacy in general practice according to their risk of drug-related problems. We conducted a cross-sectional multi-centre external validation study. Patients receiving more than five concomitant medications (polypharmacy) were eligible. The outcome was potentially serious drug-related problems as evaluated by expert consensus. Performance was assessed in terms of calibration and discrimination indices. Of 497 patients, 489 were included in the main analysis. The median age (interquartile range) was 70.5 years (60-79). In total, 372 potentially serious drug-related problems were observed in 253 patients (52%). The MERIS was well calibrated above a score level of 10. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.70 (95% confidence interval 0.65-0.74). TGF beta inhibitor The performance of the MERIS was fair in patients with polypharmacy in general practice. Given the scale of drug-related problems and the lack of efficient prioritization tools in this setting, the MERIS could be a useful risk indicator to complement usual practice.Transboundary movement of animal feed and feed ingredients has been identified as a route for pathogen incursions. While imports of animals and animal-derived products are highly regulated for the purpose of infectious disease prevention, there has been less consideration of the viability of infectious agents in inanimate products, such as feed. This study investigated the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to remain infectious as a contaminant of commercial whole pig feed and select pig feed ingredients, and to establish the minimum infectious dose (MIDF ) required to cause foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in pigs that consumed contaminated feed. FMDV viability in vitro varied depending on virus strain, feed product, and storage temperature, with increased duration of infectivity in soybean meal compared to pelleted whole feed. Specifically, both strains of FMDV evaluated remained viable through to the end of the 37 day observation period in experimentally contaminated soybean meal stored at 4 or 20°C . The MIDF for pigs consuming contaminated feed varied across virus strains and exposure duration in the range of 106.2 to 107 TCID50 . The ability of FMDV to cause infection in exposed pigs was mitigated by pre-treatment of feed with two commercially available feed additives, based on either formaldehyde (SalCURB®) or lactic acid (Guardian™). Our findings demonstrate that FMDV may remain infectious in pig feed ingredients for durations compatible with transoceanic transport. Although the observed MIDF was relatively high, variations in feeding conditions and biophysical characteristics of different virus strains may alter the probability of infection. These findings may be used to parameterize modelling of the risk of FMDV incursions and to regulate feed importation to minimize the risk of inadvertent importation.The zona pellucida domain protein Dusky (Dy) plays a vital role in wing morphogenesis in insects, but little information on its function has been reported. In this study, we found that dy regulated wing cell size, larval and pupal duration, and the metabolism of amino acid and 20-hydroxyecdysone in Tribolium castaneum. Using RNA-seq, 413 differentially expressed genes were identified between physiological buffer-injected and dy-double-stranded RNA-treated larvae, including 88 downregulated genes and 325 upregulated genes. Among these genes, dy knockdown increased CYP18A1 expression to elevate the 26-hydroxylation of 20-hydroxyecdysone, which ultimately led to growth defects in wing cells. Silencing of dy upregulated the transcription of genes encoding tyrosine aminotransferase, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, homogentisate 1, 2-dioxygenase, and Pale to promote the catabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine, which eventually reduced amino acid content. Furthermore, dy knockdown upregulated 4E-BP expression, and 4E-BP silencing partially phenocopied dy RNA interference-mediated wing morphogenesis. These results suggest that Dy controls 20-hydroxyecdysone and amino acid metabolism to regulate wing morphogenesis in the insect.