Simsferrell6487

Recently, partial denitrification (PDN) - anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has been widely studied in activated sludge for nitrate wastewater treatment. However, achieving PDN-Anammox in biofilter for domestic wastewater treatment was never reported. In this study, two lab-scale PDN biofilter and Anammox biofilter were built up to treat simulated domestic wastewater. The results showed that stable nitrogen removal performance was kept with averaged effluent nitrogen of 10.2 mg/L. Stable nitrite accumulation performance was achieved with low abundance of nitrite reductase gene, while influent composition influenced nitrogen transformation pathway in PDN biofilter. When treating domestic wastewater, nitrification and partial denitrification led to the higher nitrite accumulation ratio of 75.4%. The percentage contribution of anammox biofilter was 74.6% for nitrogen removal, and Candidatus Brocadia was dominant genus. After long-term operation, limited substrate concentration caused interspecific competition among various anammox bacteria, leading to an increasing proportion of Candidatus Brocadia fulgida. PDN-Anammox biofilter is a feasible process to advanced wastewater treatment, which could save aeration consumption and carbon source addition, and reduce sludge production. Solid fuels used for heating and cooking in rural households cause a large amount of pollutant emissions. Actions are being taken to replace these solid fuels with cleaner energy carriers. However, the pollutant emission amounts from solid fuels over large areas have rarely been evaluated. In this study, we tested eight common heating stoves consuming bituminous coal chunk, anthracite coal chunk, and anthracite coal briquette; three honeycomb briquette stoves; and three traditional cookstoves consuming corn straw and wood in rural Beijing. Emission factors of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), were measured as 0.08-13.74 g/kg, 10.80-148.5 g/kg, 0.52-8.44 g/kg, and 0-0.85 g/kg, respectively, for coal heating stoves; 0.35-1.11 g/kg, 16.10-109.43 g/kg, 0.51-0.75 g/kg, and 0-1.98 g/kg, respectively, for honeycomb briquette cookstoves; and 5.90-11.79 g/kg, 28.96-50.23 g/kg, 1.52-2.46 g/kg, and 0-0.05 g/kg, respectively, for traditional biomass cookstoves. Combining emission performance and solid fuel consumption, the estimated annual PM2.5, CO, NOx, and SO2 emission amounts were 26.18 Gg, 394.07 Gg, 14.56 Gg, and 1.53 Gg, respectively. The results present useful information regarding the emission inventory of common solid fuels in rural Beijing on a city-scale. This study provides an example for future intervention projects and environment evaluation in the rural areas of other cities. BACKGROUND We used the first metro system in a developing city as a natural experiment to investigate the causal inference in the new metro's impact on modal shift and active travel. MATERIAL AND METHODS The treatment group was formed by residents from neighbourhoods located within the 800-m walking distance to new metro stations. The first control group was formed by residents lived 1.6 km away from and outside of walking distance to the nearest station, and the second was 5 km away and outside of cycling distance. The groups were determined by local transit-oriented planning practice and empirical studies on active travel. Of the 5627 participants who had finished a baseline travel behaviour survey before new metro launched, 1770 returned and completed the follow-up survey a year after the metro's operation, which consists of 833 cohort participants in the treatment group and 937 in the two types of control groups. We used a difference-in-difference method to make before and after comparisons of travel behaning and explaining the complex natural experiments in transport and health. BACKGROUND Air pollution has been shown to be associated with blood lipid levels. However, studies on long-term ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤1 μm (PM1) exposure in high-exposure areas are still limited. This study aimed to explore the associations among long-term PM1 exposure, blood lipids and dyslipidemias. METHODS Baseline data of The Henan Rural Cohort study was used in present study, including a total of 39,259 participants aged from 18 to 79 years. Daily levels of PM1 were estimated by a spatiotemporal model using ground-level measurements of PM1, satellite remote sensing data and other predictors, according to participants' home addresses. Individual exposure to PM1 was the 3-year average before baseline investigation. Linear regression and logistic regression models were applied to examine the associations among PM1, blood lipids ((total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)), and prevalence of dyslipidemias. RESULTS The 3-year concentration of PM1 was 55.7 ± 2.1 μg/m3. Each 1 μg/m3 increment of PM1 was associated with an increase of 0.21% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11%-0.31%) in TC and 0.75% (95% CI 0.61%-0.90%) in LDL-C, while decrease of 2.68% (95% CI 2.43%-2.93%) in TG and 0.47% (95% CI 0.35%-0.59%) in HDL-C. Each 1 μg/m3 increase in PM1 was associated with 6% (95% CI 4%-8%), 3% (95% CI 2%-5%) and 5% (95% CI 3%-7%) higher risks of hypercholesterolemia, hyperbetalipoproteinemia and hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Sex, age and BMI statistically modified the associations between PM1 with blood lipid levels and dyslipidemias. CONCLUSIONS Higher PM1 exposure was associated with adverse changes of blood lipid levels and dyslipidemias. Males, older and overweight participants were susceptive to the adverse effects of PM1. This study focused on the distribution, combined pollution, potential source and risk assessment of 17 antibiotics in an aquaculture ecosystem surrounding the Yellow sea, North China. Antibiotics were detected in various matrices (seawater, sediment/biofilm, organism and feed) in different aquaculture modes (greenhouse and outdoor aquaculture) during the wet and dry seasons in coastal areas of Shandong province. The innovation points of the study were as follows (1) To the best of our knowledge, this study was one of the few to investigate the occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in mariculture environments along the Yellow Sea coast; (2) Biofilms, a focus of the study, might act as a sink for antibiotics in the aquaculture ecosystem; and (3) The correlation of heavy metals and antibiotic concentrations was proved, which could correspondingly be used as an indicator for antibiotic concentrations in the studied area. Pyrintegrin clinical trial The levels of antibiotics in water were observed to be relatively low, at the ng/L level.