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In OA chondrocytes, IL-1

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exerted protective roles in the pathogenesis of OA.

In OA chondrocytes, IL-1β induced COX-2 and PGE2 expression via activation of NOX2, which led to ROS production and MAPK activation. The activation of PPARγ exerted protective roles in the pathogenesis of OA.Mechanical thrombectomy is not only effective for managing patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), but it also enables a valuable histological analysis of thrombi. Previous studies indicated that regulatory T cells (Treg) adoptive transfer might alleviate the hemorrhagic transformation. However, whether Treg in intracranial thrombi correlates with hemorrhagic transformation after mechanical thrombectomy remains unclear. This study mainly analyzed the colocation of Treg markers in serial thrombus sections stained serially for CD4 and CD25 in groups of hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic transformation. Second, to investigate whether these immunohistochemical parameters could provide any additional information beyond hemorrhagic transformation, we compared the overlap between Treg markers among other groups, such as functional outcomes, stroke subtypes, and gender. Our results showed that the number of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells was lower in the hemorrhagic transformation thrombi than in the nonhemorrhagic group (p less then 0.001) but there were no significant differences otherwise. The present finding of CD4+CD25+ Treg cell reductions in thrombi associated with hemorrhagic transformation provides the histological evidence supporting that thromboinflammation might involve in the pathological process of an acute stroke after mechanical thrombectomy.BACKGROUND Although many treatments are available for acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN), no systematic classification scheme exists to evaluate the outcomes of these treatments. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to propose an AKN classification scheme. METHODS A retrospective data analysis of several parameters, including lesion distribution, lesion type, and scalp disease association, was conducted in 108 men diagnosed with AKN between July 2009 and November 2020 in an outpatient dermatology setting. A three-tier classification system was developed as follows Tier 1, lesion distribution relative to an area demarcated by two horizontal lines on the occipital prominences and tips of the mastoid processes and lesion sagittal width defined using Classes I through IV; Tier 2, lesion types including papules/nodules (discrete/merged), plaques, and tumorous masses; and Tier 3, the presence or absence of folliculitis decalvans (FD) or dissecting cellulitis (DC). RESULTS All patients were non-white men, with most being of African (58%) or Hispanic (37%) descent. The most prevalent Tier 1 AKN presentation was Class II (58%). The mean sagittal width for Classes I through III were 2.4cm (I), 4.5cm (II), and 8.0cm (III), with Class IV characterized by widespread scalp disease. Plaques were most common in Tier 2-type lesions. FD or DC was found in seven percent of the study participants. Patients of African descent had a greater tendency to develop tumorous masses (p less then 0.02). LIMITATIONS The retrospective study design and possible selection bias. click here CONCLUSION We proposed an AKN classification scheme as a tool for objectively describing AKN lesions and evaluating treatment outcomes.CLINICAL TRIALS ID NCT02938494 BACKGROUND In a Phase II study, tazarotene 0.045% lotion was statistically superior to vehicle and comparable to tazarotene 0.1% cream in reducing acne lesions, with fewer treatment-related adverse events (TEAEs) than the cream. OBJECTIVE We analyzed data from the aforementioned study post-hoc to evaluate the effects of sex on treatment outcomes. METHODS Participants aged 12 years or older with moderate-to-severe acne were randomized to tazarotene (0.045% lotion or 0.1% cream) or vehicle (lotion or cream) for 12 weeks of double-blind treatment. Outcomes analyzed in male and female subgroups included changes from baseline in inflammatory/noninflammatory lesions and TEAEs. RESULTS In the intent-to-treat population (94 males and 116 females), reductions in lesion count were greater with tazarotene (lotion or cream) than with vehicle. In participants receiving tazarotene 0.045% lotion, the least-squares mean percent changes from baseline to Week 12 were greater in females than males, but the differences were not statistically significant (inflammatory [-70.3% vs. -56.2%]; noninflammatory [-60.0% vs. -53.2%]). In both females and males, the TEAE incidence was lower with tazarotene 0.045% lotion than 0.1% cream. CONCLUSION Tazarotene 0.045% lotion substantially reduced acne lesions in both female and male participants. This newest tazarotene formulation might benefit patients who cannot tolerate older formulations or other topical retinoids. Given the relatively small size of this study, however, the results of this post-hoc analysis are intended to be exploratory in nature.CLINICAL TRIALS ID NCT02959970 BACKGROUND Acne vulgaris in patients aged younger than 12 years is increasingly common and primarily noninflammatory (i.e., comedonal). Dapsone 7.5% gel is indicated for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in patients nine years of age or older. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of once-daily topical dapsone 7.5% gel. METHODS This was a Phase IV, multicenter, open-label study in patients with acne aged 9 to 11 years. Patients applied dapsone 7.5% gel once daily to the face and acne-affected areas on the upper chest, upper back, and shoulders for 12 weeks. Patients in the PK cohort applied dapsone 7.5% gel under maximal-use conditions for eight days and a thin layer for the remaining 11 weeks. Lesion counts and proportions of patients with an Investigator's Global Assessment score of zero points (clear) or one point (almost clear) were assessed. Plasma concentrations of dapsone and metabolites were evaluated after one week in the PK cohort.