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Optometrists in Australia employ ophthalmic medicines in their paediatric practice to assist clinical diagnosis and to treat ocular conditions. Prior to employing ocular medicines or initiating treatment, it is important to consider the risks versus benefits of ophthalmic medicines and determine the minimum dose required to safely achieve a diagnostic or therapeutic benefit. Instilling drops in infants and young children may require techniques that do not depend on full cooperation, particularly to maintain appropriate dosing and limit the rate of elimination from the eye. Diagnostic cycloplegic agents are highly recommended for the accurate determination of refractive error in infants and young children. Topical atropine is commonly prescribed in paediatric optometry practice in highly variable concentrations. 1% atropine eye drops are used for pharmacological penalisation in management of amblyopia, and, increasingly, low concentration ( less then 0.1%) atropine is used to manage the progression of childhood myopia. Doses of topical ocular medicines to treat inflammation, infection or glaucoma are generally identical to those use in adults; however, there is potential for increased ocular and systemic side effects with certain medications. It is, therefore, timely to present, summarise and comment on the use of ophthalmic diagnostic and therapeutic agents in children and reference where practitioners can look for more detailed information. The perspective is set in the Australian context of a collaborative approach between paediatric optometry and ophthalmology eye care practitioners for delivery of best practice care in infants and young children. Inclusion of the more complex spectrum of paediatric eye disease in a tertiary ophthalmological setting is provided to build practitioner knowledge of treatment regimens their patients may be using, even though management of these conditions lies outside their scope of practice.Clinical relevance Ocular biometry is key to understanding the determinants of ocular development and pathology changes, especially for the thriving myopic population in Asia. Investigating biometric data in highly myopic eyes within a wide age spectrum is therefore of high importance.Background To report the magnitude of change in spherical equivalent for each unit of change in the ocular biometry parameters in a highly myopic population in China.Methods Highly myopic patients aged 7 to 70 years were recruited from the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, China. Each patient had a cycloplegic refraction and a measurement of ocular biometry.Results Data from 823 right eyes were available for analysis, with a mean age of 22.7 years and a median spherical equivalent of -8.88 D. Axial length and lens thickness increased with age, while anterior chamber depth (ACD) decreased in older subjects. There was a significant trend of increasing axial length, lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth (VCD) and decreasing ACD and calculated lens power over spherical equivalent quartiles (all p less then 0.001). Bavdegalutamide The univariate linear regression models showed that 1-D change in refraction equalled to a 0.33- to 0.34-mm increase of axial length, and a 0.32 to 0.33-mm increase of VCD in highly myopic eyes. Among the three components of axial length, lens thickness was associated with myopia shift in the groups of 7-18 years and 19-39 years (both p less then 0.001), and VCD was significant in all groups (all p less then 0.001), while ACD was not significant in any age group.Conclusion The associations between refraction and axial length were consistent in children, young adults and the elderly with high myopia. Lens thickening with a higher degree of myopia appeared at a very early age, and vitreous chamber depth remained to be a prominent factor of refraction change in highly myopic eyes throughout seven to 70 years of age.Contact lenses are widely prescribed in clinical practice with multiple applications and advantages. However, contact lenses can be associated with various complications which range from innocuous to severe. Clinicians thus not only need to possess the ability to prescribe the most appropriate contact lenses for each individual patient but also be able to recognise and manage any associated complications. This review examines the existing literature on the management of corneal infiltrative events associated with soft contact lenses, including microbial keratitis, particularly in the context of practising in Australia. The definitions and diagnosis of corneal infiltrative events, as well as the current understanding of their aetiologies, will be explored. The various aspects of a successful management will be discussed, including the applications of therapeutic agents such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents, the role of microbiological investigations, and strategies to improve long-term prognosis. The currently available evidence supporting management options will be presented, highlighting the relative abundance of high-level evidence on management protocols, antimicrobial selection and treatment duration for microbial keratitis; and the relative paucity of studies and trials for sterile corneal infiltrative events, despite this condition being much more commonly encountered in clinical practice.Clinical relevance Those with high myopia are more likely to have glaucoma compared to those without myopia and intraocular pressure was a key factor for developing glaucoma. Thus, investigating the distribution of intraocular pressure and associated factors among those with high myopia is of high importance.Background The aim of this work is to investigate the distribution of intraocular pressure and the correlated risk factors in a highly myopic Chinese population.Methods A total of 884 Chinese participants with bilateral high myopia (≤ -6.00 D spherical power) were included from the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center-Brien Holden Vision Institute High Myopia Cohort Study. All participants underwent a comprehensive ocular examination, including ocular biometry, cycloplegic refractometry, and intraocular pressure measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometry. Information on smoking and drinking status was also collected.Results The mean spherical equivalence of left eyes was -10.02 ± 3.58 D with a mean axial length of 27.