Hurstbunn8022

The variability of the alarm call of the gray marmot (Marmota baibacina) in the peripheral population in the valley of the Arpa River (Kyrgyzstan) is described. It was earlier reported that this population lived together with the red marmot (M. caudata). The authors did not find the red marmot there. Two forms of aberrations were found in the edge population of the gray marmot amplitude modulation and no pause between the components. The destruction of the signal structure that is typical of the species is probably associated with the disruption of gene flow and does not contain clear signs of hybridization. The material was collected under the field conditions.Testosterone and corticosterone are steroid hormones that regulate various aspects of bird behavior. The dynamics of blood level of these hormones depending on the stage of the life cycle have been studied in many species. It has been shown for both sexes that the levels of both hormones rise during the breeding season. We have studied changes in the level of these hormones in the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) during a year. Monocrotaline This has been the first study of this type on northern goshawk. We collected blood samples from 16 adult northern goshawks kept in pairs in aviaries in the VITASFERA Rare Bird Species Breeding Center. The testosterone level rises in males during the period of lekking and mating (March-June); however, there is no synchronous increase in females. The corticosterone level generally remains high throughout the year in both sexes. Since these are the only data on the northern goshawk, it cannot be concluded whether this is characteristic of the species as a whole or only for captive birds.One of the complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men is steroidogenic and spermatogenic dysfunctions. There is evidence of a restoring effect of the antidiabetic drug metformin on them. We studied the effect of MF therapy (4 weeks, 200 mg/kg/day) on the hormonal parameters of the gonad axis and on the morphological characteristics of epididymal spermatozoa in male rats with a severe form of T2DM caused by a high-fat diet and a low-dose streptozotocin. It has been shown that MF therapy, along with the restoration of the metabolic parameters, normalizes the plasma levels of testosterone and leptin and the content of testosterone, its precursors, leptin and its receptors in the testes, and also increases sperm motility, which is reduced in T2DM. This is the result of both the systemic action of MF and its direct effect on testicular cells.At low latitudes (i.e., in the equatorial zone), the primary production of lake ecosystems is comparable with the plant production in their water catchment areas. In contrast, at high latitudes, the primary production of lake ecosystems is less than the primary terrestrial production approximately by two orders of magnitude. This paper addresses the reason behind the different reactions of the terrestrial and lake ecosystems to external factors determined by the geographical zone. Computational experiments show that in accordance with van't Hoff's rule, at high latitudes featuring low temperatures and higher humidity, the plant matter decomposition rates in lake basins are lower in comparison with low latitudes. The lower decomposition rates slow down the release and outflow into the water of nutrients essential for the organic matter production by aquatic autotrophs.The paper focuses on the development of a reliable medical expert system for diagnosis of low back pain (LBP) by proposing an efficient frame-based knowledge representation scheme and a suitable resolution logic with conflicts in outcomes being resolved using Bayesian network. Considering that LBP is classified into many diseases based on different pain generators, the proposed methodology infers non-conflicting LBP diseases sorted according to their chances of occurrence. A satisfactory clinical efficacy (average relative error - 0.09, recall 74.44%, precision 76.67%, accuracy 71.11%, and F1-score 73.88%) of the proposed methodology has been found after validating the design with empirically selected thirty LBP patient cases. Constraining that an inferred disease having chance of occurrence, prior to pathological investigations, below 0.75 (as set by four pain specialists) is not accepted clinically; the design can correctly identify, on average, 74.44% of actual diagnosis; and 76.67% of inferred diagnosis is included in actual diagnosis. With the predicted chance of occurrence being lower than 0.75 by a fraction of 0.09 on average, the proposed design performs well for 73.88% cases detecting 71.11% inferred outcomes as accurate. The design offers homogeneity to the actual outcomes, with the chi-squared static being calculated as 11.08 having 12 as degree of freedom. Graphical abstract.Approximately 70% of invasive breast cancers have some degree of dependence on the estrogen hormone for cell proliferation and growth. These tumors have estrogen and/or progesterone receptors (ER/PR+), generally referred to as hormone receptor positive (HR+) tumors, as indicated by the presence of positive staining and varying intensity levels of estrogen and/or progesterone receptors on immunohistochemistry. Therapies that inhibit ER signaling pathways, such as aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole, exemestane), selective ER modulators (tamoxifen), and ER down-regulators (fulvestrant), are the mainstays of treatment for hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers. However, de novo or acquired resistance to ER targeted therapies is present in many tumors, leading to disease progression. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is implicated in sustaining endocrine resistance and has become the target of many new drugs for ER+ breast cancer. This article reviews the function of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway and the various classes of PI3K pathway inhibitors that have been developed to disrupt this pathway signaling for the treatment of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer.This study examined the importance of syllable position, duration, and tone/pitch for the assignment of stress in Chinese hums. Twenty native Mandarin speakers and 20 native English speakers were asked to assign primary stress to two-syllable Chinese hums. The importance of acoustic cues for stress assignment was also evaluated. Our findings indicate that syllable position plays the most prominent role in stress assignment. Native Chinese listeners preferred to assign stress to final syllables whereas native English listeners preferred to assign stress to initial syllables. Both language groups were sensitive to different acoustic cues in assigning stress. The effects of complex interactions of syllable position, tone, duration and intensity on stress assignment in Chinese hums for both language groups support the hypothesis that linguistic experience affects speech perception at the suprasegmental level.