Leemacleod0635

Objective Although breastfeeding provides benefits for mothers and infants, multiple factors prevent women from breastfeeding. This article aims to explore the role of mothers' personal and contextual risk factors to breastfeeding rates with a special emphasis on understanding breastfeeding among African American mothers at 6 months postpartum. Design This secondary analysis was capitalizing on previously collected postpartum data from a longitudinal cohort study on the consequences of maternal childhood trauma on mother and infant outcomes. Postpartum mothers (n = 188) completed questionnaires on demographics, childhood trauma history, postpartum depression, social support, and breastfeeding status at 6 months postpartum. Results All risk factors (i.e., demographic and social support risk, childhood trauma history, and postpartum depression) were associated with lower breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum. When risk factors were examined in a single comprehensive model, only cumulative demographic risk emerged as significant. When partialing-out by race, being African American was the only variable associated with lower breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum. Conclusions Our study confirms that African American mothers report lower breastfeeding rates at 6 months postpartum than non-African American mothers. This association held even when controlling for demographic and social support risk, childhood trauma history, and postpartum depression. We discuss our findings from an intergenerational and historical trauma, racism, chronic discrimination perspective that considers the multifactorial nature of past and current impacts on breastfeeding among African American women in the United States.Objective To develop a decision support system (DSS) for the prediction of the postoperative outcome of a kidney stone treatment procedure, particularly percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) to serve as a promising tool to provide counseling before an operation. Materials and Methods The overall procedure includes data collection and prediction model development. Pre-/postoperative variables of 100 patients with staghorn calculus, who underwent PCNL, were collected. For feature vector, variables and categories including patient history variables, kidney stone parameters, and laboratory data were considered. The prediction model was developed using machine learning techniques, which include dimensionality reduction and supervised classification. Multiple classifier scheme was used for prediction. PMX 205 nmr The derived DSS was evaluated by running the leave-one-patient-out cross-validation approach on the data set. Results The system provided favorable accuracy (81%) in predicting the outcome of a treatment procedure. Performance in predicting the stone-free rate with the Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance feature (MRMR) treatment extracting top 3 features using Random Forest (RF) was 67%, with MRMR treatment extracting top 5 features using RF was 63%, and with MRMR treatment extracting top 10 features using Decision Tree was 62%. The statistical significance using standard error between the best area under the curves (AUCs) obtained from the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and MRMR. The results obtained from the LDA approach (0.81 AUC) was statistically significant (p = 0.027, z = 2.21) from the MRMR (0.64 AUC) (p = 0.05). Conclusion The promising results of the developed DSS could be used in assisting urologists to provide counseling, predict a surgical outcome, and ultimately choose an appropriate surgical treatment for removing kidney stones.Serine protease inhibitor b5 (SERPINB5) is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a critical role in various cellular processes. In gallbladder cancer (GBC), SERPINB5's aberrant expression is reported but its role in genetic predisposition is not known. We enrolled 270 cases and 296 controls and genotyped them for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using direct DNA sequencing, followed by genotype-phenotype analysis in GBC and other cancer cell lines. Luciferase assay was done to determine the role of rs2289521 SNP on expression regulation. We found that two SERPINB5 variants rs2289519 and rs2289521 are significantly associated with GBC and contribute to genetic predisposition. The TT genotype of variant rs2289519 was found to be significantly associated (p = 0.008) with GBC in a recessive model. C allele of rs2289521 increased the risk for GBC significantly at genotypic (CT, p = 0.026) and allelic (p = 0.04) levels. In silico analysis and luciferase assay uncovered the probable regulatory role of the rs2289521 variant on expression. Genotype-phenotype correlation in GBC and breast cancer cell lines showed reduced expression of SERPINB5 in the presence of C allele that was consistent with the result of luciferase assay. Overall, our study reveals the genetic association of two SERPINB5 variants with GBC and rs2289521's possible role in the regulation of expression.Carrier gases provide the medium for delivery of inhaled aerosol therapies. The physical properties of these gases substantially affect both fluid and aerosol mechanics in the lung. Gas density affects both the pressure/flow relationship in the airways and the extent of turbulence within the flow. These physical properties also affect the operation of some components of respiratory and aerosol drug delivery equipment. The lower resistance associated with breathing low density gases has prompted many studies of therapeutic applications. This includes the respiration of helium-oxygen gas mixtures to improve oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal, and the use of these gases to improve the delivery of inhaled medications. Results of these studies have been mixed but meta-analyses indicate a benefit of helium-oxygen respiration for croup and bronchiolitis and for bronchodilator delivery in obstructive disease. Some of the variability demonstrated in these studies is likely associated with specific technical aspects of how the gases are delivered. The utility of alternate carrier gases for aerosol delivery would be facilitated by simultaneous assessment of both aerosol deposition and clinical effect during studies. Previous successful applications may offer a basis for improved delivery system designs that fully realize the effects that might be available with these gases.