Waddellkofod1590

BAT is densely innervated by the sympathetic nervous system that activates BAT, for instance, following cold exposure. The sympathetic outflow toward BAT is mainly mediated by the dorsomedial, ventromedial, arcuate, and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the role of the orexin system in the control of energy balance, with specific focus on BAT metabolism and adiposity in both preclinical and clinical studies. Copyright © 2020 Straat, Schinkelshoek, Fronczek, Lammers, Rensen and Boon.The outbreak of COVID-19 has posed a significant challenge to global healthcare. Acute stroke care requires rapid bedside attendance, imaging, and intervention. However, for acute stroke patients who have a diagnosis of or are under investigation for COVID-19, the concern for nosocomial transmission moderates operational procedures for acute stroke care. We present our experience with an in-hospital stroke code called on a COVID-19-positive patient with a left middle cerebral artery syndrome and the challenges faced for timely examination, imaging, and decision to intervene. The outlook for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic necessitates the development of protocols to sustain timely and effective acute stroke care while mitigating healthcare-associated transmission. Copyright © 2020 Moshayedi, Ryan, Mejia, Nour and Liebeskind.Objective Episodic memory is frequently impaired in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), but the cognitive characteristics and neuropsychological processes involved remain controversial. Our aim was to study episodic memory dysfunction in MS, using the LASSI-L, a novel memory-based cognitive stress test that uses a new paradigm that capitalizes on semantic interference. Methods Cross-sectional study in which 93 patients with MS (relapsing-remitting) and 124 healthy controls were included. The LASSI-L test was administered to all participants, as well as a comprehensive neuropsychological battery including a selective reminding test. MS patients were divided into two groups, with cognitive impairment (CI-MS) and cognitively preserved (CP-MS). Results Reliability of the LASSI-L test was high (Cronbach's alpha 0.892) and there were less ceiling effects. MS patients scored lower than controls on all LASSI-L subtests, except for maximum storage of the initial target items (CRA2). Effect sizes were moderate-large. A delay in learning, difficulties in retroactive semantic interference, failure to recover from proactive semantic interference, and delayed recall were the most frequent findings in MS patients. Scores associated with maximum storage capacity, and retroactive semantic interference were the most strongly associated with cognitive impairment and employment status. Conclusion We found that deficits in maximum learning, difficulties in recovery from the effects of proactive semantic interference and retroactive semantic interference are three important breakdowns in episodic memory deficits among patients with MS. The LASSI-L showed good psychometric and diagnostic properties. Overall, our study supports the utility of the LASSI-L, as a new cognitive test, useful for neuropsychological assessment in MS in clinical and research settings. Copyright © 2020 Matias-Guiu, Cortés-Martínez, Curiel, Delgado-Álvarez, Fernández-Oliveira, Pytel, Montero, Moreno-Ramos, Loewenstein and Matías-Guiu.Introduction Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) lacks disease-specific, validated, motor outcome measures (OMs), and patients' reported outcomes (PROs). This represents a limit for the monitoring of disease progression and treatment response. Our aim was to identify the most appropriate OMs to be translated in clinical practice and clinical trials on DM2. This study has been registered on clinicaltrials.gov NCT03603171 (https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03603171). Methods Sixty-six patients with genetically confirmed DM2 underwent a baseline and a follow-up visit after 1 year. The tested OMs included hand opening time, pressure pain threshold (PPT), manual muscle testing (MMT), hand held dynamometry (HHD), scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA), quantitative motor function test (QMFT), gait stairs Gowers chair (GSGC), 30-s sit to stand test, functional index 2 (FI-2) and 6MWT. The PROs included DM1-Active-C, Rasch-built Pompe-specific activity scale (R-Pact), fatigue and daytime sleepiness (FDSto change, and therefore clinically meaningful OMs in DM2. Conclusion The clinical meaningful motor outcome measures that best depict the multifaceted phenotype of DM2 and its slow progression are MBS, MMT, or HHD (depending on the clinical setting), QMFT, and the 6MWT. Copyright © 2020 Montagnese, Rastelli, Khizanishvili, Massa, Stahl and Schoser.Our objective was to investigate the potential of three microRNAs, miR-181a-5p, miR-30c-5p, and miR-206 as prognostic biomarkers for long-term follow up of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) patients. We analyzed the expression of three microRNAs in serum of 18 patients (DMD 13, BMD 5) and 13 controls using droplet digital PCR. Over 4 years a minimum of two and a maximum of three measurements were performed at different time points in the same patient. Correlations between microRNA serum levels, age, and functional outcome measures were analyzed. We show the individual evolution of the levels of the three microRNAs in 12 patients and also the effect of corticosteroid treatment on microRNAs expression. We measure the expression of three microRNAs in the muscle of six DMD patients and also the expression of target genes for miR-30c. We found that levels of miR-30c and miR-206 remained significantly elevated in DMD patients relative to controls over the entire study length. The introduction of the corticosteroid treatment did not significantly influence the levels of these microRNAs. We report a trend for microRNA levels to decrease with age. Moreover, miR-206 expression levels are capable to distinguish DMD from BMD patients according to ROC analysis. We found miR-30c expression decreased in the muscle of DMD patients and marked upregulation of the target genes for this microRNA. see more MiR-30c and miR-206 represent sensitive biomarkers for DMD, while miR-206 may have an additional value to distinguish the DMD and BMD phenotype. This may be particularly relevant to assess the effectiveness of treatments aimed at converting the DMD to the less-severe BMD like phenotype. Copyright © 2020 Trifunov, Natera-de Benito, Exposito Escudero, Ortez, Medina, Cuadras, Badosa, Carrera, Nascimento and Jimenez-Mallebrera.