Riversstrong4520

Snakebites are common in India and the most common neurotoxic snakebites in India are due to Common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and cobra (Naja naja). Severe envenomation may mimic brain death or a locked-in state with flaccid paralysis in a descending manner and total ophthalmoplegia. Usually, patients who receive timely antivenom and ventilator support recover completely without any sequalae. We are reporting two cases of krait bite with an unusually long period of flaccid paralysis, which required prolong ventilation. Firsocostat While case 1 required 10 days of mechanical ventilation followed by 5 days of non-invasive ventilation, case 2 required 11 days of mechanical ventilation followed by 5 days of non-invasive ventilation. Both the cases had delayed recovery and residual weakness at 3-month follow up. These case reports suggest that krait bite may cause prolong neuromuscular weakness in children, which has implications for both acute and chronic management.Primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) derived from chicken embryos were used to explore the effects on developmental neurotoxicity by a complex defined mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Its chemical composition and concentrations were based on blood levels in the Norwegian/Scandinavian population. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) alone, its most abundant compound was also evaluated. Different stages of CGNs maturation, between day in vitro (DIV) 1, 3, and 5 were exposed to the POP mixture, or PFOS alone. Their combination with glutamate, an excitatory endogenous neurotransmitter important in neurodevelopment, also known to cause excitotoxicity was evaluated. Outcomes with the mixture at 500x blood levels were compared to PFOS at its corresponding concentration of 20 μM. The POP mixture reduced tetrazolium salt (MTT) conversion at earlier stages of maturation, compared to PFOS alone. Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity was enhanced above the level of that induced by glutamate alone, especially in mature CGNs at DIV5. Glutathione (GSH) concentrations seemed to set the level of sensitivity for the toxic insults from exposures to the pollutants. The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) mediated calcium influx in pollutant exposures was investigated using the non-competitive and competitive receptor antagonists MK-801 and CGP 39551. Observations indicate a calcium-independent, but still NMDA-R dependent mechanism in the absence of glutamate, and a calcium- and NMDA-R dependent one in the presence of glutamate. The outcomes for the POP mixture cannot be explained by PFOS alone, indicating that other chemicals in the mixture contribute its overall effect.Radiofrequency exposure from man-made sources has increased drastically with the era of advanced technology. People could not escape from such RF radiations as they have become the essential part of our routine life such as Wi-Fi, microwave ovens, TV, mobile phones, etc. Although non-ionizing radiations are less damaging than ionizing radiations but its long term exposure effect cannot be avoided. For fertility to be affected, either there is an alteration in germ cell, or its nourishing environment, and RF affects both the parameters subsequently, leading to infertility. This review with the help of in vitro and in vivo studies shows that RF could change the morphology and physiology of germ cells with affected spermatogenesis, motility and reduced concentration of male gametes. RF also results in genetic and hormonal changes. In addition, the contribution of oxidative stress and protein kinase complex after RFR exposure is also summarized which could also be the possible mechanism for reduction in sperm parameters. Further, some preventative measures are described which could help in reverting the radiofrequency effects on germ cells.

We explored the effect of aerobic exercise on renal sinus adipose (RSA) accumulation and RSA accumulation-related renal injury in obese mice.

C57BL/6J male mice (n=30) were evenly divided into three groups control group (CON, n=10), obese group (OB, n=10; given high-fat diet) and obese + aerobic exercise group (OB+E, n=10; given HFD and 8weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training). The body weight and kidney weight were measured after sacrificing. Morphological alterations of adipose and renal tissues were measured on hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained slides. The macrophages surface markers (F4/80, CD68, CD206, CD163), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were examined by immunohistochemistry assay. Inflammation-related factors (FGF-21, KIM-1, IL-6) were analyzed via serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

We found that aerobic exercise significantly reduced body weight, kidney weight, serum FGF-21 and KIM-1 levels, and ameliorated glomerular hypertrophy and RSA size accumulation in OB+E group compared with OB group. Furthermore, HIF-1α in the RSA and renal tissues was significantly increased in the OB group (P<0.05), but exercise effectively reduced the expression of HIF-1α and ameliorated renal inflammation by reducing MCP-1 and CD68 expression (both P<0.05), improving the conversion from M1 (CD68) to M2 (CD206, CD163) macrophages (P<0.05), and finally alleviating the level of IL-6 (P<0.01).

Aerobic exercise could reduce RSA accumulation-related adipose hypoxia and macrophage infiltration, and subsequently attenuate the progress of renal injury.

Aerobic exercise could reduce RSA accumulation-related adipose hypoxia and macrophage infiltration, and subsequently attenuate the progress of renal injury.

Due to on-going safety concerns or lack of efficacy of currently used medications for the treatment of osteoporosis (OP), identifying new therapeutic agents is an important part of research. In the present study, potential anti-osteoporotic activity of a natural flavonoid glycoside, trilobatin (phloretin 4-O-glucoside, Tri) was evaluated.

Osteoclastic cells were established by treating the RAW264.7 macrophage cells with RANKL and ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6 female mice were used as an animal model of postmenopausal OP. Actin ring formation, expression levels of osteoclastogenic marker genes and bone resorptive proteins were measured by RT-PCR, western blot, or fluorometric assays. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined by pDEXA densitometric measurement and serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL were measured by ELISA.

Tri (5-20μM) significantly inhibited osteoclast formation and actin ring formation in RANKL-induced osteoclasts. Tri attenuated expression of osteoclastogenic genes (MMP-9 and cathepsin K), bone resorptive proteins (CA II and integrin β3), and osteoclastogenic signalling proteins (TRAF6, p-Pyk2, c-Cbl, and c-Src).