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conditions. This regime may ensure a proper control strategy in layers. The chicken major histocompatibility B complex (MHC-B) region is of great interest owing to its very strong association with resistance to many diseases. Variation in the MHC-B was initially identified by hemagglutination of red blood cells with specific alloantisera. New technologies, developed to identify variation in biological materials, have been applied to the chicken MHC. Protein variation encoded by the MHC genes was examined by immunoprecipitation and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Increased availability of DNA probes, PCR, and sequencing resulted in the application of DNA-based methods for MHC detection. The chicken reference genome, completed in 2004, allowed further refinements in DNA methods that enabled more rapid examination of MHC variation and extended such analyses to include very diverse chicken populations. This review progresses from the inception of MHC-B identification to the present, describing multiple methods, plus their advantages and disadvantages. Pioneer colonization of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by bacteria is thought to have major influence on neonatal tissue development. Previous studies have shown in ovo inoculation of embryos with saline (S), species of Citrobacter (C, C2), or lactic acid bacteria (L) resulted in an altered microbiome on day of the hatch (DOH). The present study investigated GIT proteomic changes at DOH in relation to different inoculations. Embryos were inoculated in ovo with S or ∼102 cfu of C, C2, or L at 18 embryonic days. On DOH, the GIT was collected, and tissue proteins were extracted for analysis via tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 493 proteins were identified for differential comparison with S at P ≤ 0.10. Different levels were noted in 107, 39, and 78 proteins in C, C2, and L groups, respectively, which were uploaded to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to determine canonical pathways and biological functions related to these changes. Three members of the cytokine family (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL6, and Oncostatin M) cellular development. Genetic selection and intensive nutrition for increased growth rate in meat-type ducks has resulted in an imbalance between pectorales increment and sternal mass, which is detrimental to productivity and welfare. Reducing body weight and increasing sternal mass probably reverses these adverse effects. Therefore, 2 experiments (Expt.) were conducted to investigate the effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3), a vitamin D3 metabolites, on sternal mass. In Expt. 1, 512 1-day-old male ducks were randomly assigned to 4 low-nutrient density diets and received following treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (i) NRC or China Agricultural industry standards (NY/T) vitamin premixes and (ii) 0.069 mg/kg 25-HyD in feed or not. At 49 D of age, regardless of 25-OH-D3, NY/T vitamin regimen inhibited bone turnover and consequently increased sternal trabecular bone volume and mineral deposition compared with NRC vitamin premix. Supplementing 25-OH-D3 to NRC but not NY/T vitamin regimen significantly improved sternal microarchitecture and mineral content, which companied by decreased serum bone resorption markers concentration, as well as downregulation of the gene expressions of osteoclast differentiation and activity. In Expt. 2, 256 1-day-old male ducks were fed a standard nutrient density diet contained NRC vitamin premix with 0 or 0.069 mg/kg of 25-OH-D3. Results also showed that 25-OH-D3 treatment significantly improved sternal mineral accumulation and microarchitecture, along with decreasing osteoblast and osteoclast numbers in bone surface, declining serum bone turnover markers levels, and increasing serum Ca concentration. Collectively, these findings indicated that the dietary administration of 25-OH-D3 increased sternal mass in NRC vitamin diet by suppressing bone resorption in 49-day-old meat duck. Glucose has many diverse physiological roles such as energy metabolism, appetite control and memory consolidation. We recently reported that memory-related gene expression is epigenetically controlled in murine brain cells and that glucose can regulate gene expression in a cell-specific manner. However, the literature reviews have indicated that glucose can also regulate gut cells to release incretins which might play a role in memory processes directly or indirectly by vagus nerve stimulation. In this review, we discussed the effects of glucose on the gut and brain, aiming to understand more in-depth the role of glucose in memory function. In addition, we also discussed the alteration of glucose-signaling in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a possible link to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies. Yellow semen syndrome (YSS) is the most widely recognized problem among male turkeys. Yellow semen is of low quality and, when used for insemination, results in reduction of fertility and hatchability. Elevated level of serum albumin-like protein accession no. XP_003205725 is a characteristic feature of yellow seminal plasma suggesting albumin role in YSS pathology. However, knowledge regarding the expression of albumin in the reproductive tract in relation to YSS is very limited. The aim of this study was to identify albumin secretion and localization sites in the turkey reproductive tract in relation to YSS. Reproductive tract tissues and liver originating from turkeys producing white semen (WS) and YSS were used for analysis of albumin mRNA expression and its localization using immunohistochemistry. Moreover, albumin abundance in tissues, blood and seminal plasma was analyzed using two dimensional electrophoresis and western blot analysis. Albumin mRNA expression was found in all parts of the reproductive tract. selleck chemical Apart from the liver, the highest expression of albumin was found in the ductus deferens in YSS turkeys. The testicular spermatids, Leydig, and myoid cells and the epithelium of the epididymis and ductus deferens were the main secretion sites of albumin in the reproductive tract in turkeys. Higher albumin abundance was found in the reproductive tract and seminal plasma of YSS toms compared to WS toms. Our results demonstrated that germ cells from spermatocytes to spermatids, Leydig cells, and myoid cells synthesized and secreted albumin in turkey testis, and epithelial cells are the main secretion sites in epididymis and ductus deferens. Ductus deferens secretion of albumin seems to be mostly responsible for YSS. Over-secretion by the ductus deferens may be the main origin of albumin abundance in YSS semen. Knowledge regarding disturbances of albumin secretion in relation to YSS may be useful for future work on studies related to better understanding the molecular basis of YSS.