Maddenbanks7177

In the original article, Ryan C. Fields' middle initial is missing.PURPOSE The classification of germline variants may differ between labs and change over time. We apply a variant harmonization tool, Ask2Me VarHarmonizer, to map variants to ClinVar and identify discordant variant classifications in a large multipractice variant dataset. METHODS A total of 7496 variants sequenced between 1996 and 2019 were collected from 11 clinical practices. Variants were mapped to ClinVar, and lab-reported and ClinVar variant classifications were analyzed and compared. RESULTS Of the 4798 unique variants identified, 3699 (77%) were mappable to ClinVar. Among mappable variants, variants of unknown significance (VUS) accounted for 74% of lab-reported classifications and 60% of ClinVar classifications. Lab-reported and ClinVar discordances were present in 783 unique variants (21.2% of all mappable variants); 121 variants (2.5% of all unique variants) had within-practice lab-reported discordances; and 56 variants (1.2% of all unique variants) had lab-reported discordances across practices. The unmappable variants were associated with a higher proportion of lab-reported pathogenic classifications (50% vs. 21%, p  less then  0.0001) and a lower proportion of lab-reported VUS classifications (46% vs. 74%, p  less then  0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that discordant variant classification occurs frequently, which may lead to inappropriate recommendations for prophylactic treatments or clinical management.Recent studies on the distribution of microplastics in the Charleston Harbor, SC, USA revealed that a large part of the microplastic particles that are found in the intertidal sediments are tire wear particles. These particles originate from the wear of tire treads on roadways, and wash into the estuary during rain events. The abundance of these particles has raised questions about potential toxicity to aquatic organisms that ingest these particles. The synthetic rubber in car tires consists of a large variety of chemicals, which can vary between manufacturers, but usually contains styrene-butadiene rubber, carbon black and zinc. To investigate the potential toxicity of tire wear particles, both mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to different concentrations of crumb rubber particles (38-355 µm) in a 7-day static renewal exposure. Dissection of the fish revealed that crumb rubber was ingested and accumulated in the intestinal tract. At the highest concentration tested (6 g/L) partial mortality was observed in the fathead minnow, which came close to the assumed LC50. To investigate if polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were leaching from the particles, bile fluorescence was measured, together with potential induction of cytochrome P450-1A through the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay. Elevated levels of 2-, 4-, and 5-, ring structures representative of PAHs were detected in the bile of exposed animals. Bile fluorescence indicated that 4-ring PAH compounds were the most bioavailable from the crumb rubber particles. Induction of EROD activity was observed in exposed animals at environmentally relevant concentrations of the crumb rubber particles ( less then 1-2 g/L), and this elevated EROD activity indicated that PAH compounds from the crumb rubber particles were being metabolized in both mummichogs and fathead minnow.In the present study, single and mixture effects of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) on Lemna gibba were analyzed and compared using growth parameters, based on frond number and fresh weight, and biochemical parameters, such as pigment, protein content and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Plants were exposed for 7 days to these metals in nutrient solution. Single and mixture exposures affected plant growth and the biomarkers of the antioxidant response. Considering the growth parameters, Cd was found to be much more toxic than Zn. IC50-7d, based on growth rate calculated on frond number, were 17.8 and 76.73 mg/L, and on fresh weight were 1.08 and 76.93 mg/L, for Cd and Zn respectively. For Cd, LOEC values were obtained at 2.06 and 1.03 mg/L, for frond number and fresh weight respectively; while for Zn, at 20.1 and 74.6 mg/L. A high toxicity effect, considering the same response variables, was observed in plants exposed to the mixtures. Three fixed ratios, based on toxic units (TU) were assayed, ratio 1 2/3 Cd-1/3 Zt well predicted from dissolved metal concentration in solution using concentration addition (CA) as reference model, as results showed that toxicity was more than additive, with an average of ΣTU = 0.75. selleck kinase inhibitor This synergistic effect was observed up to 50 mg Zn/L in the mixture, but when it was present in higher concentrations a less than additive effect was observed, indicating a protective effect of Zn. A synergistic and dose-ratio deviations from CA model were also observed.Sediment quality caused by heavy metals was investigated in the Mirs Bay and Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong, China. Samples were collected in January and July, 2010. One-way analysis of variance showed that sediment quality variables (Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, V, Cu, Cr, Ba, Ni and As) were significantly different (p  less then  0.05) among the sampling areas, whereas the average concentration of V, Eh and Ba exhibited the significant seasonal variations (p  less then  0.05) between January and July. The spatial pattern of heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Cu) can probably be attributed to anthropogenic and tidal flushing influence in the harbor. Both geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EF) were used to identify the metal pollution level and its related source. Pb, Zn, and Cu are considered as "polluted metal" in Tolo Harbor. Cluster analysis (CA) identified three distinct clusters with the Tolo Habor and Shatou Jiao, the inner bay and the south part of the bay. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified the spatial patterns and their affected parameters in the studying area. Results showed metals distribution in Mirs Bay and its adjacent area is principally affected by human activities such as marineculture, dumping, located mostly in Tolo Harbor and Shatou Jiao, where was closely related with anthropogenic influence. While the monitoring stations including MS13-MS16 and MS8 locating in the south part of the studying area might be corresponded to natural influence.