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We report the case of an 80-year-old woman who presented one episode of cardiopulmonary arrest and two episodes of acute airway obstruction. We found in this patient the presence of tracheomalacia caused by megaesophagus compression secondary to achalasia probably responsible for episodes of acute airway obstruction and cardiopulmonary arrest.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) continues to show effectiveness in the treatment of several diseases and benefits such as fibroblast proliferation, capillary angiogenesis, and decreasing edema, especially in hemorrhagic cystitis (HC). We report a case of a 15-year-old male with chronic myelogenous leukemia status posthaploidentical stem cell transport with BK virus in the United States to be treated by HBOT. The patient received a total of 30 HBOT treatments for 90 minutes at 2 ATA. After HBOT treatments, patient showed signs of improvements such as cessation of hemorrhage cystitis. The findings of this case support and shows that there is growing evidence for the use of HBOT as adjunctive therapy for patients with BK virus associated with HC after stem cell transplantation.Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is an infectious zoonotic disease that is caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. The disease is generally identified accidentally because of the long asymptomatic period, has a malignant behaviour, and mainly occurs in the liver. Usually it is diagnosed in adults and is very rare in pediatric patients. We report two cases of AE and 1 differential case between AE and cystic echinococcosis (CE) in children two of them had lesions in the liver and one had rare extrahepatic presentation of a cyst in the spleen. click here All our patients received chemotherapy with albendazole because surgical treatment was not recommended. The children were followed-up from 10 to 30 months and no significant improvement was seen. In this report we discuss the difficulties we faced in the treatment and follow-up of these patients. We also review the main clinical manifestations, general diagnostic methods, and treatment options of AE according to the current literature.Ganglion cell-containing pituitary adenomas that are neurofilament protein-positive are the exceedingly rare form of pituitary ganliocytomas. We report a case of a 23-year-old male patient who presented with a clinical picture of acromegaly in addition to raised prolactin level. Histopathology showed areas exhibiting pseudopapillary and solid proliferation of round and monotonous blue cells. The immunohistochemistry showed strong reactivity for synaptophysin and growth hormone and focal reactivity to prolactin. Fibrous bodies are confirmed using cytokeratin immunostain, in keeping with sparsely granulated somatotroph component. The patient remained free of recurrence after one year of radiological follow-up.Ependymoma is a circumscribed glioma composed of uniform glial cells with bland nuclei in a fibrillary matrix. It is characterized by the presence of perivascular pseudorosettes. Unusual histopathological findings have rarely been reported in ependymomas, 0.5% of all diagnosed cases. Such unusual and exceedingly rare histological findings include osseous or chondroid metaplasia. To the best of our knowledge, only 15 cases of osseocartilaginous ependymomas have been reported in English literature. We report a 3-year-old boy who presented with ataxia, vomiting, and headache for three months. Radiological imaging revealed a posterior fossa lesion. Histopathological examination of the lesion confirmed a posterior fossa ependymoma with chondro-osseous metaplasia. The present case outlines the clinical presentation, histopathological findings, and outcome of chondro-osseous metaplasia in ependymomas. To date, the etiology of chondro-osseous metaplasia in ependymomas remains uncertain. Further research exploring such phenomenon is of paramount importance to explain how these tumors develop.Metastasis of the thyroid carcinoma to the paranasal sinuses is rarely reported. Among these sinuses, metastasis to the maxillary sinus alone has been reported only in a few cases. This is the first reported case in a 76-year-old woman with papillary thyroid carcinoma metastasizing to the maxillary sinus alone and resected through endoscopic sinonasal surgery. When patients have sinus lesions and a history of malignancy, metastasis should be included in the differential diagnosis. If they have an isolated metastatic lesion to the paranasal sinus, ESS, either palliative or radical, can be a useful treatment option.Osteopetrosis is a disease of osteoclasts that results in failure of bone remodeling. Despite the sclerotic radiographic appearance of the thickened cortices and its material hardness, osteopetrotic bone is weak and prone to fracture by minor trauma. We report a case of a subtrochanteric fracture in an osteopetrotic patient, with further pseudoarthrosis and infection. Several surgical procedures were required, with further complications. The outcome of each procedure and the final result are also described.Total hip arthroplasty has been recognized as a feasible treatment for hip osteoarthritis, especially in advanced and terminal stages, but whether it is the best treatment for patients who are younger, have comorbidities, and/or are likely to have low compliance to medical treatment is unknown. Jiggling exercise, which involves the continuous shaking of the foot and leg in small steps, has been reported to be the easiest and a less invasive exercise for patients with hip osteoarthritis. We herein report two patients who performed jiggling exercise as conservative treatment and had successful outcomes. The first case was a 28-year-old woman with advanced-stage hip osteoarthritis that could not be treated with hip preservation surgery; furthermore, the patient refused to undergo total hip arthroplasty because of her young age. The second case was a 74-year-old woman with terminal-stage hip osteoarthritis in whom total hip arthroplasty was deemed not feasible because of possible low compliance due to mental disorder. One year after the initiation of the jiggling exercise, both patients had remarkable clinical improvement. Three years later, remarkable joint remodelling was also revealed in plain radiographs. Jiggling exercise might be a feasible conservative treatment option for joint preservation.