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High correlation (slope = 1.00, intercept = 0.04, R 2 = 0.998) was observed in vivo between the proposed VFA-centric method obtained PDFF and reference PDFF (free breathing low-flip angle 2D sequential acquisition). Further, the proposed VFA-centric method (PDFF standard deviation = 1.5%) had a better SNR performance than the reference acquisition (PDFF standard deviation = 3.3%) with P  less then  .001. CONCLUSIONS The proposed free breathing 2D Cartesian sequential CSE-MRI method with variable flip angle approach and centric-ordered phase encoding achieved motion robustness, low T 1 bias, high SNR compared to previous 2D sequential methods, and low blurring in liver fat quantification. © 2020 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.BACKGROUND Left and right cardiac structures have been shown to provide important prognostic information in patients with various cardiac disorders. They have always been important biomarkers in patients with heart failure and are crucial in the judgment of a variety of heart diseases. PURPOSE To provide age- and sex-specific reference values of the normal cardiac structure of Chinese adults. STUDY TYPE Prospective study. POPULATION In all, 200 healthy adult volunteers with 20 men and 20 women in each of five age deciles from 20 to 70 years. FIELD STRENGTH 3.0T, steady-state free precession (SSFP), turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence. ASSESSMENT The reference range of cardiac structure values was normalized to age, gender, and body surface area (BSA). The height, weight, blood pressure, and body mass index were measured as well. STATISTIC TESTS Kolmogorov-Smirnov's, independent-sample t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's coefficient, and linear regression. RESULTS The normalized left atrial (LAulation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY Stage 5. © 2020 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.Active antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is a potentially devastating complication and consistently effective treatment remains elusive. We hypothesized that the reversal of acute AMR requires rapid elimination of antibody-secreting plasma cells (PC) with a proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, followed by the sustained inhibition of PC generation with CTLA4-Ig or belatacept (B/B). We show in mice that B/B therapy selectively depleted mature PC producing donor-specific antibodies (DSA) and reduced DSA, when administered after primary and secondary DSA responses had been established. A pilot investigation was initiated to treat 6 consecutive patients with active AMR with B/B. Compassionate use for the first patient after his 3rd kidney transplant, who developed early, severe acute AMR that did not respond to steroids, plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin. B/B treatment resulted in a rapid reversal of AMR, leading us to treat five additional patients who also resolved their acute AMR episode and had sustained disappearance of circulating DSA for ≤ 30 months. This study provides a proof-of-principle demonstration that mouse models can identify mechanistically rational therapies for the clinic. Follow-up investigations with a more stringent clinical design are warranted to test whether B/B improves on the standard of care for the treatment of acute AMR. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.PURPOSE Phospholipids are key constituents of cell membranes and serve vital functions in the regulation of cellular processes; thus, a method for in vivo detection and characterization could be valuable for detecting changes in cell membranes that are consequences of either normal or pathological processes. Here, we describe a new method to map the distribution of partially restricted phospholipids in tissues. METHODS The phospholipids were measured by signal changes caused by relayed nuclear Overhauser enhancement-mediated CEST between the phospholipid Cho headgroup methyl protons and water at around -1.6 ppm from the water resonance. The biophysical basis of this effect was examined by controlled manipulation of head group, chain length, temperature, degree of saturation, and presence of cholesterol. Additional experiments were performed on animal tumor models to evaluate potential applications of this novel signal while correcting for confounding contributions. RESULTS Negative relayed nuclear Overhauser dips in Z-spectra were measured from reconstituted Cho phospholipids with cholesterol but not for other Cho-containing metabolites or proteins. Significant contrast was found between tumor and contralateral normal tissue signals in animals when comparing both the measured saturation transfer signal and a more specific imaging metric. CONCLUSION We demonstrated specific relayed nuclear Overhauser effects in partially restricted phospholipid phantoms and similar effects in solid brain tumors after correcting for confounding signal contributions, suggesting possible translational applications of this novel molecular imaging method, which we name restricted phospholipid transfer. © 2020 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.Certain hydrolases preferentially catalyze acyl transfer over hydrolysis in an aqueous environment. learn more However, molecular and structural reasons for this phenomenon are still unclear. Here we provide evidence that acyltransferase activity in esterases highly correlates with the hydrophobicity of the substrate-binding pocket. A hydrophobicity scoring system developed in this work allows accurate prediction of promiscuous acyltransferase activity solely from the amino acid sequence of the cap domain. This concept was experimentally verified by systematic investigation of several homologous esterases, leading to the discovery of five novel promiscuous acyltransferases. We also developed a simple, yet versatile, colorimetric assay for rapid characterization of novel acyltransferases. This study demonstrates that promiscuous acyltransferase activity is not as rare as previously thought and provides access to a vast number of novel acyltransferases with diverse substrate specificities and potential applications. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.